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Also called as hypophysis Located in sella turcica Connected to hypothalamus by hypophysial stalk Physiologically divisible in 2 parts Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis Pars intermedia
EMBRYOLOGICAL ORIGIN
Anterior pituitary from RATHKES POUCH Posterior pituitary from neural tissue outgrowth from hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is the collecting center for information concerning the internal well being of the body and much of this information is used to control secretions of important pituitary hormones.
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) OR VASOPRESSIN formed primarly in supraoptic nuclei OXYTOCIN formed primarly in paraventricular nuclei both hormone are transported in combination with NEUROPHYSINS
cAMP causes phosphorylation of special vesicles and causes these vesicles to insert into apical cell membrane which have highly water permeable pores known as AQUAPORINS
OSMORECEPTORS Modified neuron receptors present in or near hypothalamus and in organum vasculosum in AV wall of 3rd ventricle. when E.C.F becomes too much concentrated, fluid is pulled out of osmoreceptors by osmosis, decreasing its size and sending appropriate nerve signals to hypothalamus and causing release of ADH or vice versa
Mechanism of action: Through V1 receptors, activates membrane phospholipid 2nd messenger system
VASOCONSTRICTOR EFFECTS Higher concentration of ADH have more potent effect in causing constriction of arterioles through out the body so increasing arterial pressure thats why it is also called as VASOPRESSIN INCREASING BLOOD VOLUME Atria have stretch receptors that are excited by overfilling, when they are not excited as a result of under filling ,when the blood volume decreases to 15 to 25 %, they send signals to brain to cause release of ADH
OXYTOCIN
MECHANISM IN LACTATION Suckling---sends sensory signals----paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei------release of oxytocin--carried by blood to the breast---causes contraction of myoepithelial cells that form a latticework surrounding alveoli of the mammary gland---milk begins to flow MILK LETDOWN OR MILK EJECTION Acts through phospholipase C 2nd messenger system
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CONTRACTION OF PREGNANT UTERUS Oxytocin powerfully stimulates especially towards the end of gestation. This is supported by In hypophysectomized animal, duration of labor is prolonged Its amount increases especially during last stage of labor Stimulation of pregnant cervix in animal causes increased secretion of oxytocin
GROWTH HORMONE
Somatotropic hormone OR Somatotropin In adults normal concentration is 1.6 to 3 ng/ml In child or adolescent is about 6 ng/ml
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MECHANISM BEFORE ADULT AGE new cartilage at epiphyseal end so increased length AFTER ADULT AGE Increased thickness by osteoblasts
SOMATOMEDINS
Liver, cartilage and many other tissues Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) OR Somatomedin C causes growth after birth Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) causes growth of fetus before birth Growth hormone has half time in blood is less than 20 minutes Somatomedin C has half time of about 20 hours
GHRH acts by adenylyl cyclase 2nd messenger system having short term and long term effect
TYPES OF DWARFISM 1. Only growth hormone deficient 2. African Pygmy and Levi-Lorain dwarf Somatomedin C hereditary deficient 3. Achondroplasia Mutation in gene that code for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 presents with short limbs with a normal trunk
TREATMENT
Human growth hormone synthesized by Escherichia Coli by DNA recombinant technology
B. PANHYPOPITUITARISM IN ADULTS
Causes are 1. Craniopharyngiomas 2. Chromophobe tumor 3. Thrombosis of pituitary blood vessels Lethargic, gaining weight and lost all sexual functions
ACIDOPHILIC TUMOR
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TREATMENT
After adolescence or ACROMEGALY Cannot grow taller but bones become thicker and soft tissues continue to grow and presents with 1. Protrusion of lower jaw 2. Forehead slants 3. Nose increases 4. Size of feet and fingers increases 5. Hunched back or Kyphosis 6. Soft tissues like tongue, liver, kidneys becomes greatly enlarged