Gas Looplinestpt

Introduction.
o Reynolds Number ( N
RE
)
o Friction Factor ( ] )
o Relative Roughness ( e / D )

Pipeline Flow Calculations.

Types of Gas Flow through Pipelines.
o Gas Flow in Series
o Gas Flow in Parallel
o Gas Flow in Looped
2
The transmission of gas to the consumer may be divided into four
distinct units: the gathering system ,the compression station, the main trunk
line, and the distribution lines . Pipelines, which comprise the gathering system,
main trunk line, and distribution lines, provide an economical method of
transporting fluids over great distances.

Many factors must be considered in the design of long-distance gas pipelines.
These include the nature and volume of the gas to be transmitted , the length of
the line, the type of terrain to be crossed, and the maximum elevation of the
route.

Studies of the flow conditions of natural gases in pipelines have led to the
development of complex equations such as ( the Weymouth equation, the
Panhandle equation, and the Modified-Panhandle equation) for relating the
volume transmitted through a gas pipeline to the various factors involved, thus
deciding the optimum pressures and pipe dimensions to be used. From
equations of this type, various combinations of pipe diameter and wall thickness
for a desired rate of gas throughout the system.

3
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless group defined as the ratio
of fluid momentum force to viscous shear force. The Reynolds number can be
expressed as a dimensionless group defined as:

where

D: pipe ID ( inside diameter ), ft
u: fluid velocity, ft/sec
: fluid density, lb
m
/ft
3
: fluid viscosity, lb
m
/ft.sec

4
The Reynolds number can be used as a parameter to distinguish between laminar
and turbulent fluid flow. The change from laminar to turbulent flow is usually
assumed to occur at a Reynolds number of 2,100 for flow in a circular pipe.

If U.S. field units of ft for diameter, ft/sec for velocity, Lbm /ft
3
for density and
centipoises for viscosity are used, the Reynolds number equation becomes:

If a gas of specific gravity
g
and viscosity (cp) is flowing in a pipe with an inner
diameter D ( in ) at flow rate q ( Mcfd) measured at base conditions of T
b
(
o
R )
and P
b
( psia ), the Reynolds number can be expressed as:
5
If a gas of specific gravity
g
and viscosity (cp) is flowing in a pipe with an inner
diameter D ( in ) at flow rate q ( ft
3
/ hr ) measured at base conditions of T
b
(
o
R )
and P
b
( psia ), the Reynolds number can be expressed as:

6
In addition to the size of a pipeline, the pressure and capacity of gas
transmission of a pipeline are primarily limited by the resistance to flow from the
pipe wall. The lost work is usually calculated using a friction factor by
dimensional analysis. It can be shown that the friction factor is a function of the
Reynolds number and of the relative roughness of pipe.

The equation for the friction factor in terms of the Reynolds number and relative
roughness varies based on type of fluid flow in pipeline.

The friction factor for laminar flow can be determined by following formula:

7
Studies of turbulent flow have shown that the velocity profile and pressure
gradient are very sensitive to the characteristics of the pipe wall, that is, the
roughness of the wall.

Therefore, the following equation is recommended for all calculations requiring
friction factor determination of turbulent flow was presented by Jain (1976):

This correlation is comparable to the Colebrook correlation. For relative
roughness between 10
-6
and 10
-2
and the Reynolds number between 5 x 10
3
and
10 10
8
, the errors were within 1.0% when compared with the Colebrook
correlation.
8
The frictional losses of fluid energy and pressure depend on the roughness of the
inside wall of a pipe. Wall roughness is a function of pipe material, method of
manufacture, and the environment to which it has been exposed.

Relative roughness ( e
D
) is defined as the ratio of the absolute roughness to the
pipe internal diameter:

where c and D have the same unit.

If no information is available on roughness, a value of c = 0.0006 inches is
recommended for tubing and line pipes.

9
Engineering of long-distance transportation of natural gas by
pipeline requires a knowledge of flow formulas for calculating capacity
and pressure requirements. There are several equations in the petroleum
industry for calculating the flow of gases in pipelines.

In the early development of the natural gas transmission industry,
pressures were low and the equations used for design purposes were
simple and adequate. However, as pressure increased to meet higher
capacity demands, equations were developed to meet the new
requirements. Probably the most common pipeline flow equation is the
Weymouth equation, which is generally preferred for smaller-diameter
lines (D 15 in. ). The Panhandle equation and the Modified Panhandle
equation are usually better for larger-sized transmission lines.
10
Q
h
= gas flow rate, ft
3
/hr @ P
b
& T
b

T
b
= base temperature, R
P
b
= base pressure, psia
P
1
= inlet pressure, psia
p
2
= outlet pressure, psia
D= inside diameter of pipe, in.

g
= gas specific gravity (air = 1)
T= average flowing temperature, R
f= Moody friction factor
L= length of pipe, miles
= gas deviation factor at average
flowing temperature & average
pressure
( )
5 . 0
5 2
2
2
1
23 . 3
(
(

=
L f T Z
D p p
p
T
Q
g b
b
h
Z
11

Where:
e = base of natural logarithm = 2.718
s = 0.0375
g
H/T
H = outlet elevation minus inlet elevation
(note that H is positive when outlet is higher
than inlet).

5 . 0
g
5 2
2
s 2
1
b
b
h
Z L f T
D ) p e p (
p
T
23 . 3 Q
(
(

=
5 . 0
g
5 2
2
s 2
1
b
b
h
Z L f T
D ) p e / p (
p
T
23 . 3 Q
(
(

=
5 . 0
e g
5 2
2
s 2
1
5 . 0
b
b
h
Z L f T
D ) p e p (
f
1
p
T
23 . 3 Q
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
L
e
is the effective length of the pipeline.

1
5 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
f
= transmission factor
Where:

12
o To eliminate the trial-and-error procedure, Weymouth proposed that f vary as a function

of diameter in inches as follows:

D
f
032 . 0
=
( )
5 . 0
3 / 16 2
2
2
1
062 . 18
(
(

=
L T Z
D p p
p
T
Q
g b
b
h
( )
5 . 0
5 2
2
2
1
5 . 0
1
23 . 3
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
L T Z
D p p
f p
T
Q
g b
b
h
3 / 1
13
1461 . 0
g
D
Q
52
f
1
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
6182 . 2
4604 . 0
5394 . 0
2
2
2
1
07881 . 1
1
87 . 435 D
L T Z
p p
p
T
Q
g b
b
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
01961 . 0 5 . 0
7 . 16
1
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
D
Q
f
g
530 . 2
49011 . 0
510 . 0
2
2
2
1
02 . 1
1
737 D
L T Z
p p
p
T
Q
g b
b
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

;

;

14

15

Given:

T
b
= 520 R
P
b
= 14.7 psia
P
1
= 400 psia
P
2
= 200 psia
D = 12.09 in.

g
= 0.60
T= 520 R
L= 100 mi
e= 0.0006 in.

Determine the line capacity.

SOLUTION:

For
g
= 0.60
p
pc
= 672 psia & T
pc
= 358 R

0.4464 1.4521
Z = 0.95 (From Fig 2-5)

=
+
= =
672
) 2 / ) 200 400 ((
pc
pr
P
P
P = = =
358
520
pc
pr
T
T
T
16
First trial:
Q
h
= 100,000 ft
3
/hr
Re = 2.2 10
5
, f = 0.0158

929,560 ft
3
/hr
1
@ (520 R = 60 F) = 0.0103 cp (From Fig 2-12)
@ 300 psi & 60 F = 1.05 (From Fig 2.12)

1
1
1
1.05 0.0103 = 0.010815 cp
=

=

=
09 . 12 01082 . 0
Q 6 . 0 48 . 0
D
Q 48 . 0
Re
h
g h
2.2016 Q
h

= =
09 . 12
0006 . 0
D
e
0.0000496 0.00005
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
5 . 0
f
1
84 . 843 , 116
( )
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
100 520 95 . 0 6 . 0
09 . 12 ) 200 400 ( 1
7 . 14
520
23 . 3
1
23 . 3
5 2 2
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 2
2
2
1
5 . 0
f L T Z
D p p
f p
T
Q
g b
b
h
17
We can calculate friction factor by following program
Third trial:
Q
h
= 1,000,000 ft
3
/hr
Re = 2.2 10
6
, f = 0.012
Q
h
= 1,066,633 ft
3
/hr
( )
5 . 0
3 / 16 2 2
5 . 0
3 / 16 2
2
2
1
95 . 0 100 520 6 . 0
) 09 . 12 ( ) 200 400 (
7 . 14
520
062 . 18 062 . 18
(

=
(
(

=
L T Z
D p p
p
T
Q
g b
b
h
= 989,859 ft
3
/hr
Second trial:
Q
h
= 500,000 ft
3
/hr
Re = 1.1 10
6
, f = 0.125
Q
h
= 1,045,083 ft
3
/hr
18

= 28454875 ft
3
/day

= 30972605 ft
3
/day
6182 . 2
4604 . 0
5394 . 0
2
2
2
1
07881 . 1
1
87 . 435 D
L T Z
p p
p
T
Q
g b
b
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
( )
6182 . 2
4604 . 0
5394 . 0
2 2
07881 . 1
09 . 12
6 . 0
1
95 . 0 100 520
200 400
7 . 14
520
87 . 435
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
=
530 . 2
49011 . 0
510 . 0
2
2
2
1
02 . 1
1
737 D
L T Z
p p
p
T
Q
g b
b
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
( )
530 . 2
49011 . 0
510 . 0
2 2
02 . 1
09 . 12
6 . 0
1
95 . 0 100 520
200 400
7 . 14
520
737
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
=
19
20
21
22
23
Example: Natural gas with 24 MMcfd measured at standard conditions will
be delivered to a Riyadh city 300 miles from gas field. The gas is delivered to
the pipeline at 1500 psia pressure, and it is transmitted through a pipeline of
sufficient size, so that the pressure at the Riyadh is 50 psia. Assume specific
gravity of natural gas is 0.6 and the temperature of the flow is 100
o
F.

What is the pipeline size required ?

Solution

I apply in Modified Panhandle equation to determine the required size:
D
g
z L T
P P
P
b
T
b
q
53 . 2
51 . 0
961 . 0
2
2
2
1
02 . 1
737
(
(
(

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
24
According to average pressure & temperature, we can determine the deviation factor
( z ):

P
avg.
= ( P
1
+ P
2
) / 2 = ( 1500 + 50 ) / 2 = 775 psia.
T
avg.
= 100
o
F = 560
o
R

By computer program and based on P
avg.
= 775 psia, T
avg.
= 100
o
F &
g
= 0.6, I get:

Z = 0.906

D = 7.597 ~ 7.6 inches

D
MM
53 . 2
51 . 0
6 . 0
961 . 0
906 . 0 300 ) 460 100 (
50
2
1500
2
02 . 1
7 . 14
460 60
737 24
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
The minimum size required to transmitted 24 MMcfd is 7.597 ~ 7.6 inches
25
It is often desirable to increase the throughput of an existing pipeline by
gathering gas from new gas wells. A common economical solution to these problems is
to place one or more lines in parallel, either partially or throughout the whole length,
or to replace a portion of the line with a larger one. This requires calculations
involving flow in series, parallel, and series-parallel (looped) lines.

The philosophy involved in deriving the special relationships used in the solution of
complex transmission systems is to express the various lengths and diameters of the
pipe in the systems as equivalent lengths of common diameter or equivalent diameter
of a common length, there equivalent means that both lines will have the same
capacity with the same totally pressure drop.

For simplicity, illustrative examples will be based on the Weymouth equation.
26
See the figure below: It illustrate the pipe line in series
27
Applying the Weymouth equation to each of the three segments gives:
28
29
where

q
h
: gas flow rate, ft
3
/hr
T
b
: base temperature,
o
R
P
b
: base pressure, psia
D: inside diameter, inches

g
: gas specific gravity ( air = 1 ), dimensionless
T: average following temperature,
o
R
L: length of pipeline, miles
z: gas deviation factor at average flowing pressure & temperature
M: symbol = 1000
30
Example:

G =0 .6 z = 0.95 Total length = 10 miles

1. Determine the capacity of the pipe line ?
2. Determine P
3
at conjunction point ?
3. Determine L
A
if it is required to increase capacity 25%?

31
Solution
1.
Q
h
=18.062(T
b
/P
b
) (( P
1
2
- P
2
2
)D
16/3
/ Z T L ))
0.5

=18.062*520/14.7*((400
2
-200
2
)*4
16/3
/0.6*520*7*0.95))
0.5

= 195905.96 ft
3
/hr

L
A
=L
B
(D
A
/D
B
)
16/3
=3*(4/6)
16/3
=0.345 mile

L
equ.
= L
A
+ L
A

=0.345+7=7.345 mile

Q
h
% = (1/L
Aeq
)
0.5-(
1/L)
0.5
/(1/L)0.5 = ((1/7.345)
0.5
-(1/10)
0.5
)/(1/10)
0.5
= 16.7%

Q
h

NEW
= Q
h
+( 0 .167 * Q
h
) = 228622.26 ft
3
/hr

32
or directly by the relation

Q
t
/ Q
1
= (( L / D
1
16/3
) / ( L
1
/ D
1
16/3
+ L
2
/ D
2
16/3
))
0.5

= (( 10 / 6
16/3
) / ( 3/6
16/3
) + ( 7 / 4
16/3
))
0.5

=1.167

Q
hNEW
= 228622.2615 ft
3
/hr

2.

(P
1
2
- P
3
2
) L
A
Z
A
= ( P
3
2
- P
2
2
) L
A
Z
B

Z
A
= Z
B
= 0

To eliminate trail and error

( 1064000 - P3
2
) * 7

= 0.345 * ( P
3
2
- 13120 )

P
3
= 393 psia

33
3.

Q
h
%= (1/L
Aeq
) * 0.5 - ( 1 / L ) * 0.5 / ( 1 / L ) * 0.5

0.25 = ( 1 / L
Aeq
) * 0.5 - ( 1 / 10 ) * 0.5 / ( 1 / 10) * 0.5

L
Aeq
= 6.39mile

L
A
= X ( D
A
/ D
B
)
16/3
= X ( 4 / 6 )
16/3

=0.115 X

6.39 = 0.115 X + ( 10 X )

X = L
A
= 6.07 mile

L
A
= 0.329 mile

34
By adding new parallel pipelines , What would be the resulting increase in
capacity ?
What is the diameter that can obtain the given flow rate ( capacity ) ?
These questions are our target here
35
The new flow rate with both lines is

q
t
= q
1
+ q
2

The length L is constant

L = L
1
= L
2

To calculate the increment in gas capacity, I apply in the following formulas:

or
36
Example
37
Length of pipe line = 10 miles

Diameter of pipe line 1 = 4 inches

Diameter of pipe line 2 ( parallel to pipeline
1 ) = 6 inches

What would be the increase in capacity ?
Solution

38
The increase or improve in gas capacity = 294.83 %.

It considered the most complex design of transmission system. The part of
pipeline is parallel. This is called looping or series-parallel system.

In the looped pipeline illustrated below, the original line consisted of segments
( A&B ) with the same diameter. In this system, a looping segment ( C ) has been
added to increase the capacity of the pipeline system.

A B
C
Looped System
P
1
P
3
P
2
39
Consider a three-segment looped pipeline depicted in Figure below.
q
t
L
2
L
1
P
1
L
q
1
D
1
q
2
P
2
P
3
D
2
D
3
q
t

Series Parallel Pipelines

To calculate the total flow rate in pipeline for parallel section, apply in the following
equ. :
40
To calculate the pressure drop in this section ( Parallel section ), apply in the
following equation:
where

q
t
: gas flow rate, ft
3
/hr
T
b
: base temperature,
o
R
P
b

g
o
R
M: symbol = 1000
41
To calculate the flow rate in the second section ( Series ) with ( D
3
), apply in
the following formula:

To calculate the pressure drop ( AP ) in the second section ( Series ) with ( D
3
),
apply in the following formula:

42
To calculate the flow rate throughout transmission system, apply in the
following formula:

To calculate the pressure drop AP throughout transmission system, apply in
the following formula:

43
To calculate the increment in capacity or flow rate due to looped pipeline,

|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
3 / 16
3
3
2
3 / 16
2
3 / 16
1
1
3 / 16
3
3
%
D
L
D D
L
D
L
q
q
q
t
where

qt: gas flow rate, ft
3
/hr
T
b
: base temperature,
o
R
P
b

g
o
R
q ( % ): increment in gas capacity due to looped pipeline, percent

44
To calculate the increment in capacity or flow rate due to looped pipeline,

1
2
31 . 2
1
1
1 1
1
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

=
D
R
Y
X
( )
2
31 . 2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
D
R
X
Y
45
where

X: increase in gas capacity, percent
Y: fraction of looped pipeline ( the ratio of looped pipeline length to the
original length ), fraction
R
D
: is ratio of the looping pipe diameter to the original pipe diameter,
dimensionless
46
The effects of looped line on the increase of gas flow rate for various pipe
diameter ratios are shown in Figure below:

47
48
Example: Consider a 4-in pipeline that is 10 miles long. Assuming that the
compression and delivery pressures will maintain unchanged, calculate gas
capacity increases by using the following measures of improvement:

(a) Replace three miles of the 4-in pipeline by a 6-in pipeline segment.( Series pipeline )

This problem can be solved by following formula:

L = 10 miles L
1
= 7 miles L
2
= 3miles
D
1
= 4 in. D
2
= 6 in.

|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 / 16
3
3
3 / 16
2
2
3 / 16
1
1
3 / 16
1
1
D
L
D
L
D
L
D
L
q
t
q
49

(b) Place a 6-in parallel pipeline to share gas transmission.


D
1
= 4 in. D
2
= 6 in.

3 / 16
1
3 / 16
3
3 / 16
2
3 / 16
1
1
D
D D D
q
t
q
+ +
=
50

(c) Loop three miles of the 4-in pipeline with a 6-in pipeline segment.


L = 10 miles L
1
= 7 miles L
2
= 3
miles
D
1
= 4 in. D
2
= 6 in.

|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
3 / 16
3
3
2
3 / 16
2
3 / 16
1
1
3 / 16
3
(%)
3
D
L
D D
L
D
L
q
q
t
q
51
The increase or improve in gas capacity = 17.91%.
52
53
Example: A portion of a large gas gathering system consists of 6 in. line 9.4
miles that handling 7.6 MMscfd with an average specific gravity of 0.64. The
upstream pressure is 375 psi and the average delivery pressure is 300 psi. The
average temperature is 73
o
F. Due to new well completion, it is desired to
increase the capacity of this line 20% by looping with additional 6 in. line.

What length is required ?

Solution

I apply in the following formula to determine Y :
( )
2
31 . 2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
D
R
X
Y
54
( )
2
31 . 2
) 6 / 6 ( 1
1
1
2
2 . 0 1
1
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
= Y
25 . 0 1
694444 . 0 1
= Y
75 . 0
305556 . 0
= Y 407408 . 0 = Y
= Y
length of looped pipeline
original length of pipeline
9.4
=
= 407408 . 0
9.4
Length of looped pipeline = 9.4 0.407408 = 3.8296352 miles
It should be looped 3.83 miles with 6 in. to increase the capacity of this line 20%.
55
Example: A series pipeline consists of three lengths:
1. 30 miles of 6 inches pipe

Determine the equipment the equivalent lengths of 6, 8, & 10 inches ?

Solution

I apply in the following formula to determine the equivalent length at common
pipeline diameter:

6 in. 8 in. 10 in.
30 miles 40 miles 50 miles
D
L
D
L
D
L
D
L
e
3 / 16
3
3
3 / 16
2
2
3 / 16
1
1
3 / 16
+ + =
56
I get the following:
57
58
59
Example: A pipeline system is composed of two sections, AB & BC see Figure
below. The former consists of two parallel lines and the later of three parallel lines,
of sizes & lengths as indicated in the Figure. 50 MMcfd measured at standard
conditions of 14.7 psia & 60
o
F are to be transmitted through this system. The
pressure at C is to be maintained at 50 psia. The specific gravity of the gas is 0.6
and its temperature is 60
o
F.

a. Determine the pressure at A.
b. What would be the pressure at B.

60
Solution

I determine the equivalent length with common diameter to convert parallel
lines to series lines by following formula:

and I get for the section ( BC ):

L
D
L
D
L
D
L
e
D
5 . 0
3
3 / 8
3
5 . 0
2
3 / 8
2
5 . 0
1
3 / 8
1
5 . 0
3 / 8
+ + =
61
and for section ( AB ):
To calculate pressure at ( B ), it need trail & error calculation. I assume the
pressure at ( B ), then I calculate the flow rate of gas and compare it with given
flow rate.

62
I apply in Weymouth equation for pipe line equation with size ( ID s 15 inches ) to
calculate the flow rate of gas at pipe line conditions as follows:

I get:

( )
5 . 0
_ _
3 / 16 2
2
2
1
062 . 18
(
(
(
(

=
z L T
g
D P P
P
b
T
b
q
h
Then, from results the pressure at ( B ) =2289 psia

63
For section ( AB ):
Finally, the pressure at ( A ) =2685 psia
64

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Then, from results the pressure at ( B ) =2289 psia

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