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Philosophy Thinking The act of questioning or wanting to know initiates philosophical thinking Philosophy which means pursuit of wisdom comes from the Greek word philos which means love sophia which means knowledge /wisdom
a deliberate effort to seek the truth. A philosopher is a lover of knowledge who seeks knowledge for its own sake and not for any other motive. Philosophy is defined as the knowledge of all things acquired through the use of reasoning Its main objective is to seek the explanation for existence and the nature of being.
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
1. 2. 3. 4.
Ancient/Presocratic (7th century B.C.) Middle Ages (11th to 15th century A.D.) Modern Period (17th 18th century A.D.) Contemporary Period (20th century)
ANCIENT/PRESOCRATIC
Greek thinkers called themselves
wisemen but out of humility, Pythgoras, one of the Grek thinkers, preferred to call himself as someone who simply loved wisdom or a philosopher. From the on the Greeks had used the words philosophy to mean love of wisdom and philosopher to denote a lover of that wisdom.
MIDDLE AGES
Christian scholars and Arab philosophers
were the first to directly link philosophy to theology. The Christian faith being one of its main inspirations which became a stimulus to reason.
MODERN PERIOD
During this period, Rene Descartes
became known as the Father of Modern Philosophy for his philosophy of rationalism and empiricism. Rationalism as a philosophical doctrine specifically uses reasoning and proof in explaining reality. Empiricism regards experience as the only source of knowledge.
MODERN PERIOD
During this time, the abundance of
knowledge in science posed a challenge for all philosophers to prove then discoveries and breakthroughs alongside the growing rationalism and empiricism.
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
The development of several philosophical
doctrines further strengthened modern mans quest for the truth. Among the more contemporary doctrines are Marxism by Karl Marx, Kantianism by Immanuel Kant and Existentialism by Jean Paul Sartre. The succeeding philosophers discussed the use of inductive and deductive reasoning to prove their theories.
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
These philosophies developed
simultaneously with the new ideas, perceptions and scientific discoveries, which eventually led the people towards progress and development.
ETHICS
The term ethics traces its roots from the
Greek word ETHICOS which means moral duty. Ethics as a discipline is the study of human actions or conduct from a moral perspective as to whether they are good or bad.
ETHICS
Employs the faculty of human reasoning
in tackling the important question of what makes an upright life. Ethics is therefore, a noble and important science. Ethics is commonly associated with customs, habits, practices, etiquette, moral values and principles
1. Customs
As operationally defined, means long
established practices common to a particular community, class or race. A customs implies a more or less permanent way of acting as reinforced by traditions and social attitudes.
2. Habit
> Is applied to an individual and implies the repetition of the same action as to develop a natural, spontaneous or rooted tendency or inclination to perform it.
3. Practice
Applies to a regularly followed procedure
or pattern in conducting activities.
4. Etiquette
Means observance of social norms as
required by good breeding
2 PARTS OF ETHICS
1. General Ethics deals with basic
principles which are the morality of human acts 2. Social Ethics tackles the basic principles affecting man as a member of society.
OBJECTIVES OF ETHICS
Ethics aims to: 1. Make clear to us why one act is better than the other; 2. Enable us to live and have an orderly social way of life; 3. Appraise, criticize and evaluate intelligently the moral conduct and ethical system and; 4. Explore and aspire to the true value of life.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Professional ethics on the other hand, is
a branch of moral science concerned with to obligations which a member of a profession owes to the public, to his profession and to his clients.
BIOETHICS
Bioethics is relatively a new term It began to be discussed in the 1960s
when such phrases as medical ethics and biomedical ethics. Ban Reusselaer Potter, a cancer researcher invented the word. Bridges to the Future
which means life and ethics. Bioethics is the term used to describe the application of ethics to biological science, medicine and related fields. For M.T. Reich, it is a systematic study of human behavior, specifically in the fields of life sciences and health care, as examined in the light of moral values and principles.
ethics that is concerned with issues surrounding health care and the biological science. It focuses on challenges arising from modern biotechnology. Biotechnology is meant any technology that uses microorganisms and other biological materials for technological purposes.
SCOPE OF BIOETHICS
Issues and querries on human life at
three different stages. 1. The beginning of life (contraception and family planning;) 2. The middle of life (genetic engineering and family planning;) 3. The end of life (death and euthanasia).
SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOETHICS
The vitally important for every member of
the health profession to get acquainted with the ethical principles involved in biomedical procedures. Bioethics seeks to keep members of the health profession aware of the dos and donts of medical practice. It also tries to enhance their competence by understanding that the patient is a person and a holistic individual.
ELEMENTS OF NEGLIGENCE
Existence of duty there must be a moral
obligation to do or not to do something as mandated by a persons profession. Failure to perform the duty when one fails to respond to the call of his/her profession. Injury resulting from such failure if there is grave harm that results from not doing ones duty or from doing wrong thing due to lack of knowledge.
CLASSIFICATION OF LAWS
Laws are classified as either eternal or natural. 1. Eternal law is Gods eternal plan and
providence for the Universe. It is the divine reason or will commanding the preservation of the natural order of things and forbidding its disturbance, according to St. Tomas, it is the plan flowing from Gods wisdom directing all acts and movements.
NATURAL LAW
is the eternal law as known to humans through
reason. Example; to do good and avoid evil (St. Thomas) It is called natural because it is neither communicated in a supernatural way or as a result of a command of a legislature or authority. The precept of natural law is found and derived from the very nature of human beings.
human insofar as they are able to make choices and are capable of moral good and evil. These include: self integration or inner peace which consists in harmony among ones judgements, feelings and choices; authenticity which is sincerity or harmony and consistency between ones judgement, feelings choices and ones behavior; impersonal harmony which consist of fraternity, friendship, and justice; and harmony with God which is Religion
2. Substantive human goods which include bodily well being, including health and bodily integrity. These goods fulfill human persons as bodily beings. Knowledge of the truth and appreciation of beauty. These goods fulfill human persons as intelligent beings. Work or skillful performance and activity through which the person expands in the world, interacts with it, transform it and in doing so finds fulfillment. 3. Marriage and family life which are complex human goods that are substantive and reflective.
B. The Secondary Principle or the immediate conclusion seeks to specify further the first moral principle by excluding as immoral those actions incompatible with a true integral human fulfillment.
for example, one should do no evil that good may come about St Thomas also refers to the golden rule. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
C. The Third Principle of specific moral norms identifies specific human actions that ought to be done and those that should not be done.
Affirmative Laws:
are always binding, but not at every
moment. Humans are morally obliged to adopt all ordinary means of preserving health and life.
Negative Laws:
are prohibitory. These are laws of the natural order which
are binding at all times. They state that no act, positive or negative, may be directly and deliberately willed as a means of destroying health or life.
from the natural law or making a concrete and determinate application of the natural law, promulgated for the common good by a human institution in charge of society.