VENTILATION SYSTEM

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE OF NATURAL AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION

NATURAL VENTILATION MECHANICAL VENTILATION COMPARISON BETWEEN NATURAL AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Course Outcomes & Program Outcomes

This chapter address CO1, CO2 & PO 1 :

CO1: Apply knowledge and evaluate the problems that can be solved using basic concepts and principles in electrical and mechanical. CO2: Explain the application of electrical and mechanical equipment, safety precaution and control of the building.

PO1: Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science, mathematics and engineering.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this session, students should be able to:

Explain definition of ventilation, natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation

List the purpose of natural and mechanical ventilation

Compare between natural and mechanical ventilation

Describe and illustrate type of fans used for mechanical ventilation

Introduction
The use of ventilation is very important to provide the comfortability to the occupant. Ventilation is the changing of air in any space. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining healthy indoor air quality in a closed space.

 Fresh air is needed for humans in order to remove the stale air, chemical fumes, gases, smoke, heat, and other contaminants which is essential. Some buildings are designed for natural ventilation where they have their own limitations.

Purpose of Ventilation system

To prevent depletion of oxygen content of the air.
To prevent undue concentrations of carbon dioxide, body odours and moisture. To remove heat from lighting, people and machinery. To remove toxic gases and dust To reduce bacteria.

Types of ventilation system

Natural ventilation

Mechanical
ventilation

Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with

the outside air without the use of a fan or other mechanical system.
The sources for natural ventilation are:

Wind Effect/Pressure Stack Effect/Pressure A combination of Wind Pressure and Stack Effect
For high building we use a stack effect and a combination of wind pressure and stack effect.

Stack effect

Cross ventilation

- Inlets and outlets located directly opposite each other. - The cool condition occurred only to the those areas in between, in the direct path of the airflow. - If you force the air to take a longer path between the inlet and outlet, thus the area will be more cool.

Upward ventilation

It is created by the differences in temperature between the air inside and the air outside a building. The warmer, less dense air inside is displaced by the cooler denser air from outside.

OBSTACLES TO THE USE OF NATURAL VENTILATION

Smoke control in case of fire is more difficult and may require special equipment and/or variances in codes. Outdoor noise is difficult to manage in a building that relies on operable windows or vents.
Low pressure of air require large apertures/space for desired airflow rates. Outdoor air must be clean enough to flow directly into occupants space.

THE ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL VENTILATION

Cheap to install and maintain.
Save cost of energy as it does not require any electrical power. Do not make any noise.

Mechanical Ventilation

Mechanical Ventilation
Uses fan to create air changes and air movement. Types of mechanical ventilation: Natural inlet and Mechanical extract Mechanical inlet and Natural extract Mechanical inlet and Mechanical extract

Mechanical ventilation may be used to control humidity or odours. Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical ventilation to control both. The main component of ventilation is the fan. Ventilation systems can either supply air or exhaust air. They usually work in conjunction with ducting. The ducting helps to distribute the suction and discharge point to flow air in a room.

 Three types of fans used for mechanical ventilation system : Propeller Fan Centrifugal Fan Axial Flow Fan Factors in the design of systems include the air flow rate (which is a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level. If the ducting for the fans traverse unheated space, the ducting should be insulated as well to prevent condensation on the ducting. Direct drive fans are available applications (these save the maintainance/replacing the fan). for many costs of

Example: Duct insulation

Example: Installation of duct insulation

Advantages of mechanical ventilation

Can be design to provide the required amount of air change and air movement.

Do not consider natural forces which are wind pressure, stack pressure or a combination of both.
Develop the consistent process of ventilation.

Disadvantages of mechanical ventilation

Need a higher cost to install and maintain.

Waste the cost of energy as it required

electrical power to function. Risk of noise from the fan and ducts

Propeller Fan

Develop low pressure usually placed at the area that not used the long lengths of ductwork. Consist of two or more blades fixed to the hub.

Example: Wall housing installation

Centrifugal Fan

Develop high pressure and suitable for long length of ductwork. Consists of an impeller that revolves inside a casing shaped like scroll

Example: Installation Of Centrifugal Fan at Housing Wall

Axial Flow Fan

Develop high pressure and suitable for long length of ductwork. Consist of an impeller with blades of aerofoil section, rotating inside a cylinder casing

 Centrifugal fans can overcome higher pressures, but they need to be installed on solid bases. Axial fans produce lower pressures, and more compact. They can be hung in line with ducting, thus saving installation space.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NATURAL AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION

NATURAL VENTILATION

MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Naturally occurring.
The cost is cheaper for installation. Does not require any maintenance.

Man made based on invention.

The cost for installation is higher and expensive. Require monthly inspection and

Do not use any electrical power to operate. Silence during operation. Can be design for air movement only.

maintenances. Usually use electrical power to operate. Making noise during operation. Can be designed to provide a positive air change and air movement. Normally fan is used as a component to create air change movement.

Usually holes is used to give an air change movement.

CASE STUDY FOR VENTILATION SYSTEM

LOCATION : BANGUNAN PERKESO, JALAN AMPANG, KUALA LUMPUR.

Bangunan Perkeso is owned by Perkeso. It is situated at Jalan Amapang, Kuala Lumpur besides Great Eastern Mall. This Building has 19th foor and have some facilities in it.
Besides being a government office and others corporate office it also provides others facilities such as Bank and cafeteria. There is a 3 level of basement and 19th floor of office floors.

TYPES OF VENTILATION USED

The type of ventilation being used is mechanical ventilation. The natural ventilation not been used in these building because the building covered by glass, and the window only be used as lighting sources only.

Location Lift Lobby Staircase

Type of Fan Axial fan Axial fan

Toilet
Cafeteria Basement

Axial fan
Propeller fan Axial fan

Summary of the study case

The usage of axial flow fan was the most favorable as the building contain a large enclosed space. The ducting used as it can save the numbers of fan needed for economic and space reason. The propeller fan used in the cafeteria as the space was not so large and this suite the requirement.

Axial fan for staircase and lift lobby at level 19th

Axial fan for toilet at level 19th

Axial fan for toilet situated at level 19th ( single toilet )

Axial fan at basement

Diffuser for ventilation at staircase

Diffuser for ventilation at Lift Lobby

Ducting with the diffuser for ventilation at basement

Diffuser

Propeller fan with the diffuser at cafeteria

Propeller Fan Diffuser

Conclusion
It is important to master the ventilation system since the system is necessary for used in every type of buildings and every enclosed space in perpetuating air freshness in our buildings.