Introduction to Database System

TIF 1205 - Database Systems

TIK
Menjelaskan konsep dasar database

Outline
Some common uses of database systems.

The characteristics of file-based systems.

The problems with the file-based approach. The meaning of the term database. The meaning of the term database management system (DBMS).

Outline
The typical functions of a DBMS.

The major components of the DBMS environment.

The personnel involved in the DBMS environment. The history of the development of DBMSs. The advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.

What is a Database?
A set of information held in a computer
Oxford English Dictionary

One or more large structured sets of persistent data, usually associated with software to update and query the data
Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing

A collection of data arranged for ease and speed of search and retrieval by a computer.
American Heritage Science Dictionary

Some Common Uses Of Database Systems

Purchases from the supermarket

Purchases using your credit card

Booking a holiday at the travel agents Using the local library Taking out insurance Renting a video

Using the Internet

Studying at university

Why Study Databases?

Many computing applications deal with large amounts of information. Database systems give a set of tools for storing, searching and managing this information.

Databases are a core topic in computer science and IT.

Basic concepts and skills with database systems are part of the skill set you will be assumed to have as a CS and IT graduate.

Traditional File-Based Systems

File-Based Approach
Sistem pemrosesan berbasis berkas (file based systems):
A collection of application programs that perform services for the system end-users such as the production of reports. Each program defines and manages its own data.

Traditional File Processing

Traditional File Processing

Traditional File Processing

Limitations of the File-Based Approach

Data redundancy:
Presence of duplicate data in multiple files

Data inconsistency:
Same attribute has different values

Program-data dependence:
When changes in program requires changes to data accessed by program

Limitations of the File-Based Approach

Separation And Isolation Of Data Lack of flexibility Poor security Lack of data sharing and availability Incompatible File Formats

How do we resolve these problems?

To become more effective, a new approach was required:
Database System Database Management System (DBMS)

Database Approach
Definition

A shared collection of logically related data designed to meet the information requirements of an organization

Database Systems
A DATABASE is a system to allow multiple users to share the SAME information.
Any item of data should only be stored once Any changes to this data is thus available to all users

Database Approach
File Organization Concepts
Database: Group of related files
File: Group of records of same type Record: Group of related fields

Field: Group of characters as word(s) or number

Describes an entity (person, place, thing on which we store information) Attribute: Each characteristic, or quality, describing entity E.g., Attributes Date or Grade belong to entity COURSE

Database Approach

The Data Hierarchy

Database Approach
Istilah dalam database:
Lingkungan dunia nyata (environment)
Organisasi dimana sistem database didesain dan dibangunkan seperti universiti, rumah sakit, bank dan lain-lain

Data
Merupakan fakta dasar atau entiti terkecil yang tidak bisa pisahkan

Informasi
Data yang telah diproses dan berada dalam struktur yang berguna untuk membuat keputusan

Database Approach
Informasi atau data?

Data

Database Approach

Informasi

Database Approach
Empat komponen utama database:
Data pengguna: dalam bentuk relasi atau tabel
Metadata atau kamus data: menguraikan tentang struktur database Indeks: untuk tujuan program dan capaian yang lebih cepat Aplikasi metadata: menyimpan struktur dan format mengenai laporan, query, borang dan aplikasi lain

Database Management System (DBMS)

Definition
A software system that enables users to define, create and maintain the database and which provides controlled access to the database

Beberapa DBMS yang popular:

DB2, Oracle, Informix, IMS, Ingress, PostgreSQL,MySQL ( database skala besar) DBASE IV, Foxpro, Access, R-Base dan Paradox (database skala kecil)

Database management system (DBMS)

Interfaces between applications and physical data files Separates logical and physical views of data Solves problems of traditional file environment
Controls redundancy Eliminates inconsistency Uncouples programs and data Enables organization to centrally manage data and data security

DBMS

Human Resources Database With Multiple Views

Database Systems

Database vs. File Systems

Jenis DBMS
Jenis DBMS bergantung pada: jumlah pengguna(user), lokasi, dan kegunaan Jumlah User
Pengguna tunggal (standalone) seorang pengguna pada suatu saat, (PC/desktop) Pengguna banyak (multi user) lebih dari satu pengguna bisa menggunakan suatu database

Jenis DBMS
Lokasi
Terpusat satu DBMS yang menudukung satu database di suatu tempat Terdistribusi satu DBMS yang mendukung database di beberapa bagian

Kegunaan
Transaksi atau produksi DBMS dapat mendukung transaksi harian dan bisa memberikan jawaban segera. Dukungan keputusan (DSS) informasi diperlukan terlebih dahulu untuk mendukung memberikan keputusan

Typical DBMS Functionality

Data definition capability: Specifies structure of database content, used to create tables and define characteristics of fields Data dictionary: Automated or manual file storing definitions of data elements and their characteristics

Typical DBMS Functionality

Data manipulation language: Used to add, change, delete, retrieve data from database
Structured Query Language (SQL) Microsoft Access user tools for generation SQL

Many DBMS have report generation capabilities for creating polished reports (Crystal Reports)

Typical DBMS Functionality

Provides controlled access
report and query export and import data system catalog a security system an integrity system a concurrency control system a recovery system a user accessible catalogue support data communications on network data independence

DBMS
MICROSOFT ACCESS DATA DICTIONARY FEATURES
Microsoft Access has a rudimentary data dictionary capability that displays information about the size, format, and other characteristics of each field in a database. Displayed here is the information maintained in the SUPPLIER table. The small key icon to the left of Supplier_Number indicates that it is a key field.

Components of DBMS Environment

Hardware

Software
Data: yang digunakan oleh organisasi dan deskripsi dari data ini disebut skema. Prosedur: petunjuk dan aturan yang harus diterapkan pada desain dan penggunaan database dan DBMS.

People

Components of DBMS Environment

Roles in the Database Environment

Data Administrator (DA)
responsible for the management of the data resource including database planning, development and maintenance of standards, policies and procedures, and conceptual/logical data- base design.

Roles in the Database Environment

Database Administrator (DBA)
responsible for the physical realization of the database, including physical database design and implementation, security and integrity control, maintenance of the operational system, and ensuring satisfactory performance of the applications for users

Roles in the Database Environment

Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
Logical: concerned with identifying the data (that is, the entities and attributes), the relationships between the data, and the constraints on the data that is to be stored in the database.

Roles in the Database Environment

Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
Physical: decides how the logical database design is to be physically realized
mapping the logical database design into a set of tables and integrity constraints; selecting specific storage structures and access methods for the data to achieve good performance; designing any security measures required on the data.
n n

Roles in the Database Environment

Application Programmers
provide the required functionality for the endusers must be implemented

Roles in the Database Environment

End Users (naive and sophisticated)
Nave: typically unaware of the DBMS. Invoke database operations by entering simple commands or choosing options from a menu.
Sophisticated: familiar with the structure of the database and the facilities offered by the DBMS. May use a high-level query language such as SQL to perform the required operations. May even write application programs for their own use.

History of Database Systems

First-generation
Hierarchical and Network

Second generation
Relational

Third generation
Object-Relational Object-Oriented

History of Database Systems

Hierarchical
Pohon terbalik
Parents and child (setiap anak hanya bisa memiliki satu orang tua, sedangkan orang tua dapat memiliki sejumlah anak) 1:M

History of Database Systems

Hierarchical
A

AKAR

History of Database Systems

Hierarchical
Dosen Novia Akar

Dosen Zaenal

Basis Data

Pascal

Fisika

Ari

Edi

Dian

Edi

Eko

Dian

Roni

Toni

History of Database Systems

Network

Tidak mengenal akar

Setiap anak bisa memiliki lebih dari satu orang tua M:M

History of Database Systems

Network

Dosen Novia

Dosen Zaenal

Basis Data

Pascal

Fisika

Ari

Edi

Dian

Edi

Eko

Dian

Roni

Toni

History of Database Systems

First-generation
Hierarchical and Network
Tidak digunakan lagi karena: Tidak fleksibel dibandingkan DBMS relasional Tidak mendukung bahasa alami dan khusus seperti permintaan informasi

History of Database Systems

Relational

Tabel berdimensi dua (relasi)

Tersusun atas sejumlah baris dan kolom. 1:1, 1:M

History of Database Systems

Relational

History of Database Systems

Object Databases
Current generation systems have a need to handle complex data for complex applications such as
computer aided design computer aided software engineering geographic information systems interactive web sites

History of Database Systems

Object-oriented
extend a programming language such as Java with persistency and a query language

Object-relational
extend a current RDBMS (e.g. Oracle, PostgreSql) with object-oriented extensions

Advantages DMBS
Control of data redundancy

Data consistency
More information from the same amount of data Sharing of data Improved data integrity

Improved security
Enforcement of standards

Advantages DMBS
Economy of scale

Balance of conflicting requirements

Improved data accessibility and responsiveness

Increased productivity
Improved maintenance through data independence

Increased concurrency
Improved backup and recovery services

Disadvantages DMBS
Complexity

Size
Cost of DBMSs Additional hardware costs Cost of conversion Performance Higher impact of a failure