SHAFFAQ YOUSAF M.

Ed 1ST SEM

PREPOSITIONS

DEFINITION
Preposition is a word that shows relation between noun or pronoun and the other words in sentence. "Prepositions are the spice of good conversation and correct idiomatic writing". John O London. The word preposition means 'that which is placed before'.

 A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the

preposition.
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or

logical relationship of its object to the rest of the

sentence.

EXAMPLES
Subject + Verb
The cat was sleeping He lives She looked

Preposition
on in at

Noun
table Paris Stranger.

He will come

in

January.

KINDS OF PREPOSITIONS
Simple prepositions Compound prepositions

Double prepositions
Participle Double prepositions Phrase prepositions

SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS
Simple prepositions are words like in, on, at, about, over, under, off, of, for, to etc. Examples: He is going to the market. He fell off the ladder. There is some water in the bottle. The cat was hiding under the bed.

COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS
Compound prepositions are words like without, within, inside, outside, into, beneath, below, behind, between etc.

Examples: He fell into the river. He sat beside her. There is nothing inside the jar. The boy ran across the road

DOUBLE PREPOSITIONS
Double prepositions are words like outside of, out of, from behind, from beneath etc. Examples: Suddenly he emerged from behind the curtain. He walked out of the compound.

PARTICIPLE PREPOSITIONS
Participle prepositions are words like concerning, not withstanding, pending, considering etc. Examples: There was little chance of success, not withstanding they decided to go ahead. You did the job well, considering your age and inexperience.

PHRASE PREPOSITIONS
Phrase prepositions are phrases like because of, by means of, with regard to, on behalf of, instead of, on account of, in opposition to, for the sake of etc. Examples: I am standing here on behalf of my friends and colleagues. The match was cancelled because of the rain.

Kinds of Phrases
An adjective phrase modifies a noun or pronoun. It always comes immediately after the noun or pronoun it modifies. Example: Ali is the student with the highest grade. ("with the highest grade" modifies "student.")

 An adverb phrase modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. It is used to tell when, where, how, or to what extent about the word it modifies: Example: Uzma put her bird in its cage. ("in its cage" modifies the verb "put.")

PREPOSITIONS AND ADVERBS

There are some words which can be used both as prepositions and as adverbs. If a word is used as a preposition it will have a noun or pronoun as its object. Adverbs, on the other hand, do not have objects. They are used to modify a verb, adjective or another adverb.

Examples
She sat in the armchair. (In preposition; armchair object) Please come in. (In adverb; no object) He stood before me. (Before preposition; object me) I have seen him before. (Before adverb; no object) She put the book on the table. (On preposition; object the table) Lets move on. (On adverb; no object)

PREPOSITIONS WITH NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, AND VERBS.

Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have practically become one word. This occurs in three categories: nouns, adjectives, and verbs.

NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS awareness of, belief in, concern for, desire for fondness for, hatred of, hope for need for, participation in, reason for respect for

ADJECTIVES and PREPOSITIONS

afraid of, angry at, aware of, capable of fond of, interested in, jealous of, made of proud of, similar to, sorry for, tired of

VERBS and PREPOSITIONS

apologize for, belong to, bring up ,find out give up, grow up, look for, look up, pay for

prepare for, study for, trust in

TYPES OF PREPOSITION
Preposition for Time Preposition for Place Preposition for Direction Preposition for Agent Preposition for Instrument Prepositional Phrase

PREPOSITIONS FOR TIME

(IN, ON, AT) Prepositions used for time of different natures are in, on at etc. On 1. Day e.g. on Monday 2. Date e.g. on 5th of March, March 5

 In 1. Month or Year. e.g. in January, in 1985 2. Particular time of day or month or year e.g. in morning, in evening, in first week of January, in summer, in winter 3. Century or specific time in past etc e.g. in 21st century, in stone age, in past, in future, in present

 At

1. Time of clock e.g. at 5 Oclock, at 7:30 PM

2. Short and precise time e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at bed time, at the moment

 Examples. He was born in 1945. She will go to New York on 25th of March. He gets up early in the morning. She received a lot gifts on her birthday. Where were you at the lunchtime? I will call you at 12 A.M

PREPOSITION FOR PLACE

(IN, ON, AT) Prepositions in, on or at are usually used for different places. In is usually used for place which have some boundary (boundary may physical or virtual). On is used for surface At is used for specific place.

 In Place having some boundary (physical or virtual boundary) . In hall, In school, In a box, In a car, In garden On Surface of something. On a table, On blackboard , On the wall, On the roof, On a map At Specific Place. At the entrance, At the bottom of glass, At front of the chair, At bus stop

 Examples Students study in library. The wedding ceremony will be held in the hall. There are some books on the table. The teacher wrote a sentence on blackboard. His house is at the end of street.

PREPOSITION FOR DIRECTION

(to, toward, through, into) Prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the direction. Examples. She went to the library. He jumped into the river. He ran away when he felt that someone was coming toward him.

PREPOSITION FOR AGENT

(BY) Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Examples. This book is written by Shakespeare. The room was decorated by her. The tub is filled with water.

PREPOSITION FOR DEVICE, INSTRUMENT OR MACHINE

Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. e.g. by, with, on etc. Examples. She comes by bus daily. He opened the lock with key.

PREPOSITIONAL VERB
A prepositional phrase is a combination of a verb and a preposition. It is just a verb followed by a preposition. Prepositional Phrase = Verb + Preposition

 Some verbs need particular prepositions to be used after them in sentences having a direct object. Such a verb with its required preposition is called a prepositional phrase.

Examples
He knocks at the door. She is listening to music. She looked at the blackboard. We believe in God. Do you agree with me? Someone is knocking at the door. You should not rely on her.

 Some of the frequently used preposition verb are, laugh at, knock at, listen to, look at, look for, look after, wait for, agree to, agree with, talk about, talked to.

REFERENCES
http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/ preposit.html http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/prepositio ns.htm http://www.studyandexam.com/preposition3.html http://www.englishpractice.com/improve/kindsprepositions/ http://www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/prepphr ases/

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