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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Figure 10.1
Passageway for respiration Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material Moistens and warms incoming air Resonating chambers for voice
Figure 10.3
Functions:
Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange
Figure 10.8A
Asthma
Emphysema Bronchitis
Asthma
Develops in adulthood Most cases non allergic in nature Can be due to occupational exposure such as:-industry,clinical labs Some case its unknown
How to know?
Shortness of breath Coughing choronic,at night or early morning or after exercise or when exposed in cold
Lung function test-measures lung function CXR-see structures inside the chest Blood test-blood count
SEVERITY OF ASTHMA
Asthma classified according to severity of symptoms,attack and results from the lung function test , FEV1 and PEFR FEV1-maximal amount of air one can forcefully exhale in 1 second. If FEV1>80% of predicted value is normal PEFR(peak expiratory flow) measures how fast one can breathe out air
Cough,wheeze,breathing difficulties 3-4 times a week Symptoms less than 3 times a mnth at night Flare-ups-brief Lung function test >=80% of normal values Responses good to low dose inhalers No time taken off work
UNDERWRITING CONSIDERATION
Medical history Questonnaire from life assured or treating physician to classify the severity of cond. Historical info required: Freq and severity of attacks Any trigger for symptoms Treatments(any long therapy)
UNDERWRITING CONSIDERATION
Hospitalization Aspect of job or environ. Increase the condition Habits of smoking Time off work Limitation of functional capacity
UNDERWRITING CONSIDERATION
Obtain test done in the past such as CXR, Blood test etc.
BRONCHITIS
Inflamed membrane swell and grow thicker resulting in narrowing of and closing airways in lungs.
Coughing and breathlessness
ACUTE BRONCHITIS
Caused by lung infection.mostly due to viruses Repeated attack of acute bronchitis will weaken bronchial airways can result into Chronic Bronchitis
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Chronic cough and sputum production for atleast 3 months for 2 consecutive years without cause of cough being known Primary cause due to heavy smoking which irritates the bronchial tubes and cause excess mucus production
UNDERWRITING CONSIDERARION
Respiratory questionnaire by Life assured or treating physician consisting of :1) Frequency and severity of attacks 2) Any trigger for symptoms 3) Treatments(past and present).any long therapy 4) Hospitalization 5) occupation
UNDERWRITING CONSIDERARION
6) 7) 8)
Smoking habits Times off work taken Limit of exercise tolerance Obtain test done in past for the condition including PFT, CXR, Blood tests
UNDERWRITING CONSIDERARION
Occasional attacks of Acute Bronchitis which resolve with treatment attract no ratings. Chronic Bronchitis-the term vary from mild rating for non smokers and may lead to declinature for smokers