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Ethical Principles
Ethical Systems
Bioethics
Behaving as a scientist
Science has a system of rules and conventions some clear do not publish false data some unspoken a learned society is not bound to express a collective opinion on a scientific issue some regularly flouted publication of a PhD students work by the supervisor
Principlism
An approach first developed in the USA medical ethics by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress They built on the proposal by David Ross made in 1930 that the conflicting principles of Kantianism (deontology) and Utilitarianism were too rigid and what he called prima facie principles These were conditional principles that in a particular circumstance allow a stronger case to overrule a weaker one
Justice
Non-maleficence and Beneficence are mainly utilitarian Autonomy and Justice are mainly deontological Non-maleficence and Beneficence are two aspects of wellbeing
Well-being
Best outcome
Autonomy
Best outcome
Fairness
Best outcome
Interest group 2
Interest group 3 Interest group 4
Best outcome
Best outcome Best outcome
Best outcome
Best outcome Best outcome
Best outcome
Best outcome Best outcome
Communalism
Research to provide public knowledge, freely available to all But what about secret government research? secret commercial research? Who owns the results - patents ?
The Diggers believed that the land belonged to everyone
Universalism
There are no privileged sources of scientific knowledge Race, sex, politics ? Specialism ? Authority ? But certain classes and ethnic groups are under-represented in research.
Disinteredness
Science is done for its own sake How impersonal is research in practice ? Research is competitive, not just in the search for funding but also for status. High achieving researchers tend to be highly ambitious? Personal feuds are rife in academia ? For example in disputes over priority ?
Originality
Science is the discovery of the unknown Plagiarism ? Publication of the same results in multiple journals ? Routine stampcollecting surveys ?
Sceptical
Is sceptical of given opinions Challenges accepted views