Professional Development Program ESCI, Hyderabad

16-02-2012

Characterization of Soil in the Highway Construction

Dr. N. Darga Kumar

Assistant Professor Dept. of Civil Engineering JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad Email: ndkumar@jntuh.ac.in

Collapse of 13 Storied Building In China

Failed Molasses Tank

Convex Upwards Central Portion of Slab

Gap Formation between slab bottom and filled up soil

Typical Soils
Black Colour Clay

Silty Sand and Clayey Sand

Sandy Soil

Layout and Number of Boreholes

Depth of Boreholes

Boring Spacing
More borings = better analysis Borings are expensive General Guide to spacing for borings:
Multi-story bldg. 50 to 100 ft. One story , earthen dams and borrow pits = 100 to 200 ft. Highway sub-grades 500 to 1000 ft

Site Investigation

Soil Properties
Index Properties:
- Void Ratio, (e)
- Density, () - Specific Gravity, (G) - Moisture Content, (w) - Grain Size, - Atterberg Limits (LL, PL, PI)

Engineering Properties:
- Strength (Shear Parameters, c & )
- Compressibility (cv & cc) - Permeability (k)

Quality Control Tests: Soil

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Gradation Atterberg Limits and indices (LL, PL,PI, SL) Laboratory Compaction (MDD and OMC) Field density test (core cutter, sand replacement, Proctor needle test) CBR Test Plate bearing test SPT

Typical Void Ratio, Moisture Content & Dry Unit Weight

Type of Soil Void Ratio, e 0.8 0.45 0.65 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.4 2.5 3.2 Natural Moisture Content (%) in Saturated Condition 30 16 25 15 21 30 50 90 - 120 Dry Unit Weight (kN/m3) 14.5 18 16 19 17 11.5 14.5 6-8

Loose Uniform Sand Dense Uniform Sand Loose Angular Grained Silty Sand Dense Angular Grained Silty Sand Stiff Clay Soft Clay Soft Organic Clay

Specific Gravity of Soil (G)

Type of Soil Sand Silt Clay Chalk Loess Peat G 2.64 - 2.66 2.67 2.73 2.70 2.90 2.60 2.75 2.65 2.73 1.30 1.90

Atterberg Limits of Soil

Casagrande Apparatus

Plasticity Index, PI = Liquid Limit Plastic Limit

Consistency Index, CI = (LL NMC)/(LL-PL) CI = 0 ----- very soft clays CI = 0 to 0.50 ----- soft clay CI = 0.5 to 0.75 --- medium stiff to stiff CI > 0.75 ---- stiff to hard

Consistency Indices

Degree of shrinkage

Activity

Unconfined Compression Values

Sensitivity Values

Free Swell Index

To know the Degree of Severity to soil Foundations

Water

Kerosene

Soil
Measuring Jars

Swell Pressure
The maximum force per unit area that needs to be placed over a swelling soil to prevent volume increase is the Swelling pressure.
Expansion

Expansion

0 Compression

0 Compression

Swelling pressure < 10 kPa No danger

log

Collapsible Soil

Degree of Severity of Clay Soils

Liquid Limit (%) 20 35 35 50 50 70 70 90 Plasticity Index (PI) < 12 12 23 23 32 > 32 Free Swell (%) < 50 50 100 100 200 > 200 Degree of Expansion Low Medium High Very High Degree of Severity Non-critical Marginal Critical Severe

Coefficient of Permeability, k (cm/s)

Type of Soil Hydraulic Conductivity or Coefficient of Permeability, k (cm/s)

Medium to Coarse Gravel

> 10-1

Coarse to Fine Sand

Fine Silty Sand Silt, Clayey Silt, Silty Clay

10-1 - 10-3
10-3 - 10-5 10-5 - 10-6

Clays

10-6 - 10-8

Density index (Relative Density)

Density index 0-15% 15-35 35-65 65-85 85-100%

State of compaction Very loose Loose Medium Dense Very dense

Grain Size Analysis

IS Sieves: 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.18 mm 0.60 mm 0.425 mm 0.200 mm 0.15 mm 0.075 mm - To classify the soil - To know the gradation - Filter Design

Soil Classification
Criteria: -- Grain Size -- Plasticity Characteristics of Soil As per IS Classification Total Groups of Soil are 18. -- Coarse Grained Soils : 8 Groups -- Fine Grained Soils : 9 Groups -- Peat : 1 Group

Soils Based on Size (IS Classification)

Very coarse soils

BOULDERS
COBBLES coarse G GRAVEL medium fine

> 300 mm
80 - 300 mm 20 - 60 mm 8 - 20 mm 4.75 - 8 mm

Coarse soils S SAND

coarse
medium fine

4.75 - 2.0 mm
2 - 0.425 mm 0.425 - 0.075 mm

Fine Soils

Silt (M)
Clay (C) Colloidal Matter

0.075 0.002 mm
0.002 - 0.0002 mm < 0.0002 mm

Classification of Coarse Grained Soils

Groups Symbols Laboratory Classification Criteria

GW
GP GM GC

Cu > 4, cc between 1 to 3, Fines < 4%

Not meeting all gradation requirements for GW, Fines < 4% Cu > 4, PI < 4 and Fines 5 to 12% Cu > 4, PI > 7 and Fines 5 to 12%

SW
SP SM SC

Cu > 6, cc between 1 to 3, Fines < 4%

Cu > 6, Not meeting all gradation requirements for SW, Fines < 4% Cu > 6, PI < 4 and Fines 5 to 12% Cu > 6, PI > 7 and Fines 5 to 12%

IS Plasticity Chart- Classification of Fine Grained Soils

LL > 50 High Compressible (H) LL = 35 to 50 ---Intermediate Compressible (I) LL < 35 --- Low Compressible (L)

Clay --- C, Silt M, Organic --- O

Proctors Compaction
Light Compaction No. of Layers No. of Blows 3 25 Modified Compaction 5 25

-Optimum moisture content

- Maximum dry density

Height of Fall of Rammer (cm)

30

45
4.89

Weight of Rammer (kg) 2.5

Closer packing of particles Reduction in void ratio Soil settlement Increased contact stresses between particles Higher soil strength

Triaxial Test

Angle of Internal friction for Cohesionless Soils

Field Dry Density & In-situ Void Ratio

- Dry density is the ratio of dry weight of soil to the total volume Methods -Core Cutter Method

-Sand Replacement Method

Weight b Volumeofho le

b
1 w

G w

Where, G = specific gravity, w= unit weight of water

(g/cc)
d= dry unit weight of soil

(g/cc)

Nuclear Density Test

Drawbacks * No sample * Radiation * Moisture suspect Cost * High

Advantages * Fast * Easy to redo * More tests (statistical reliability) Errors * Miscalibrated * Rocks in path * Surface prep required * Backscatter

Field Compaction Control d field x100 Relative Compaction = d m axLab

CBR Test

Item Mould Capacity No. of layers No. of Blows Rammer Weight Height of fall Soil size

Light Compaction 2250 cm3 3 55 2.5 kg 30 cm Up to 19 mm CBR = (PT/PS)x100

Heavy Compaction 2250 cm3 5 55 4.89 kg 45 cm Up to 37.5mm

PT = Corrected unit load from the load

penetration curve. PS = Standard load. PS = 1370 kg corresponding to 2.5mm penetration and 2055 kg at 5 mm penetration.

Subgrade Strength Classes for Design Catalogue

Quality of Subgrade Range (CBR%)

Class

Very Poor
Poor Fair Good Very Good

S1
S2 S3 S4 S5

2
34 56 79 10 15

Standard Penetration Test [IS 2131-1981]

Number of blows required for 30 cm penetration is called SPT N value.

-Standard split spoon sampler -Cutting Shoe -Drop hammer Weight = 63.5 kg -Height of drop = 75 cm

SPT Corrections:
- Dilatancy Correction and - Over Burden Pressure Correction

SPT Results Interpretation for Cohesionless Soils

SPT Results Interpretation for Cohesive Soils

Safe Bearing Capacity Values for Cohesionless Soils as per the National Building Code of India (1983)
Description Gravel, Sand and Gravel Coarse sand compact and dry Medium sand compact and dry Fine sand, silt Loose gravel and sand gravel mixture Loose coarse to medium sand Fine sand, loose and dry Safe Bearing Capacity (t/m2) 44 44 25 15 25 25 10

Safe Bearing Capacity Values for Cohesive Soils as per the National Building Code of India (1983)
Description Soft shale, hard or stiff clay Medium clay Safe Bearing Capacity (t/m2) 44 25

Moist clay and sand clay mixture

Soft clay Very soft clay Black cotton soils or Expansive soils

15
10 5 13-16

Safe Bearing Capacity Values for Rocks as per the National Building Code of India (1983)
Description Safe Bearing Capacity (t/m2)
324 162 88 44

Rocks (hard) without lamination and defects (eg. Granite, diorite) Laminated Rocks (eg. Sand stone, lime stone) Residual deposits of shattered and broken bed rock and hard shale Soft rock

Geophysical Methods
Mechanical Wave Measurements

Crosshole Tests (CHT) Downhole Tests (DHT) Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves Seismic Refraction Suspension Logging
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Electromagnetic Conductivity (EM) Surface Resistivity (SR) Magnetometer Surveys (MT)

Electromagnetic Wave Techniques

Dynamic Properties of Soil

Shear wave velocity (Vs)

Shear Modulus (G), Gmax = Vs2

Maximum Shear Modulus (Gmax) is used to normalize the shear modulus (G) vs. shear strain relationships. Damping Ratio (D) is used in several dynamic analysis procedures to provide a realistic motion attenuation.

Poissons Ratio (n) is a fundamental parameter that is difficult to measure and it is usually estimated in engineering calculations.

Mechanical Waves
Compression (P-) wave is fastest wave; easy to generate. Shear (S-) wave is second fastest wave. Is directional and polarized. Most fundamental wave to geotechnique. Rayleigh (R-) or surface wave is very close to S-wave velocity (90 to 94%). Hybrid P-S wave at ground surface boundary. Love (L-) wave: interface boundary effect

Compression Wave Velocities

Shear Wave Velocities

Oscilloscope

Crosshole Testing
ASTM D 4428

Pump

x = fctn(z) from inclinometers

Downhole Hammer (Source)

Test Depth packer
Note: Verticality of casing must be established by slope inclinometers to correct distances x with depth.

Shear Wave Velocity: Vs = x/t

Velocity Transducer (Geophone Receiver)
Slope Inclinometer

x
Slope Inclinometer

PVC-cased

G = Vs2

PVC-cased Borehole

Oscilloscope

Pump

Downhole Testing
Horizontal Plank with normal load

t
Test Depth Interval

x
z1
Hammer

z2

packer

Horizontal Velocity Transducers (Geophone Receivers)

Shear Wave Velocity: Vs = R/t

G=

Vs2

R12 = z12 + x2 R22 = z22 + x2

Cased Borehole

Seismic Piezocone Test

Seismic Piezocone Test

Obtains Four Independent Measurements with Depth: Hybrid of Penetrometer with Downhole Geophysics
Cone Tip Stress, qt Penetration Porewater Pressure,u Sleeve Friction, fs Arrival Time of Downhole Shear Wave, ts

Vs fs

u2 u1
qc

60o

Sounding
qt (MPa)
0 0 10 20 30 40

fs (kPa)
0
0

u2 (kPa)
300
0 0 1000 2000 3000
0 0

Vs (m/sec)
100 200 300 400

100

200

d = 35.7 mm

Vs

10

10

10

10

Depth (m)

15

15

15

15

fs u2

20

20

20

20

25

25

25

25

qt
30

30

30

30

35

35

35

35

Electrical Resistivity Measurements

What will be gained by changing electrode spacing? Depth of ER survey: i.e., greater spacing influences deeper

Electrical Resistivity Measurements

Applicability of In-Situ Tests

CLAY S SILT S SANDS GRAV ELS Cobbles/ Boulders

SPT

In-Situ Test Method

CPT DMT PMT VST

Geophysics 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Grain Size (mm)

DIFFERENT STABILISATION METHODS

Stabilization Techniques

Sl. Technique No .
1. Mechanical Stabilization

Mechanism

Application

Blending missing fractions (eg. clay with sand and sand with clay) so as to produce a mass of maximum possible density with plasticity within limits.

Sands, moorum/gravel having missing fractions and clayey soils can be stabilized by this technique.

Sl. No .
2.

Technique

Mechanism

Application

Lime Stabilization

Lime in hydrated from reacts with the clay minerals in the soil to cause (i) immediate reduction in plasticity and increase in CBR because of cationic exchange, flocculation and agglomeration which may be reversible under certain conditions, and (ii) long term chemical reaction with the clay minerals to produce cementitious products which bind the soil for increased strength and stability.

Medium and heavy clays having a PI of at least 10 and containing at least 15% of materials finer than 425 micron are suitable. However, some soils though containing clay fractions may not produce the long-term chemical reaction because of the presence of organic matter (>2%), or soluble sulphate/carbonate (>0.2%), etc. For lime stabilization to be successful, it will be desirable to test the soil for lime reactivity. A soil whose 7day unconfined compression strength increases by at least 3 kg/cm2 with lime treatment can be considered lime reactive.

Sl. No. 3.

Technique

Mechanism

Application

Cement The hydrated products of cement Stabilization bind the soil particles, the strength developed depending on the concentration of cement and the intimacy with which the soil particles are mixed with cement. A high cement content of the order of 7-10% can produce a hard mass having a 7-day compressive strength of 20 kg/cm2 or more, and this usually goes by the term soilcement. However, a smaller proportion of 2-3% cement can improve the CBR value to more than 25, and the material goes by the term cement-modified soil, which can be advantageously used as sub-base/base for rural roads.

Generally, granular soils free of high concentration of organic matter not greater than 2%, or deleterious salts (sulphate and carbonate not greater than 0.2%) are suitable. A useful rule for soil selection is that the plasticity modulus (product of PI and fraction passing 425 micron sieve) should be less than 250 and that the uniformity coefficient should be greater than 5.

Sl. No. 4.

Technique

Mechanism

Application

Lime Flyash Lime chemically reacts with the Stabilization silica and alumina in flyash to form cementitious compounds which binds the soil. Bitumen Stabilization

Soils of medium plasticity (PI-5-20) and clayey soils not reactive to lime can be stabilized with lime and flyash. Clean graded sands can be stabilized by this technique.

5.

Bitumen binds the soil particles

6.

Two-stage This generally applies to heavy clays. Stabilization The clay is treated with lime in the first stage to reduce plasticity and to facilitate pulverization. In the second Heavy clays stage, the resulting soil is stabilized with cement, bitumen, lime or limeflyash.

Thank You

Few Books in Geotechnical Engineering

72

1) Alam Singh, Soil Engineering in Theory and Practice Vol 1: Fundamentals & General Principles,

Vol 2: Geotechnical Testing & Instrumentation,

Vol 3: Selected Topic. Design & Construction Asia Publishing House, Bombay. 2) Alam Singh, Current Practice In Geotechnical Engineering, Geo Environ Academia, Jodhpur. 3) Bharat Singh and Shamsher Prakash, A Textbook of Soil Mechanics. Nemchand & Bros., Roorkee. 4) Bharat Singh & Sharma, H. D., Earth and Rock fill Dams. Sarita Prakashan, Meerut.

5) Brahma, S. P., Foundation Engineering. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

6) CBIP Design and Construction Features of Selected Dams in India Central board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi. 7) Desai M. D. Sub-Surface Exploration by dynamic penetrometers Dept. of applied mecs. SVR College, Surat.

73

8) Harry G. Poulos; Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons Inc. 9) Jai Krishna, and Chandrasekaran, A. R., and Brijesh Chandra, Elements of Earthquake Engineering. South Asian Publisher, New Delhi. 10) James K. Mitchell; Fundamentals of Soil Behavior. 11) Karl Terzaghi, Palph B. Peck, Gholamreza Mesri; Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. 12) Katti, R. K., and Katti D.R. and Katti A. R., Behavior of Saturated Expansive Soil & Control Methods Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi, Kolkata. 13) Katti, R. K., and Katti A.R. and Katti D. R., Influence of Gravity on Granular Soil Mechanics. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi, Kolkata. 14) Kaniraj R., Design Aids in Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 15) Kasmalkar B. J. Foundation Engineering. Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan, Pune. 16) Kurian N. P. Modern Foundation Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 17) Mittal, Satyendra, and Shukla J. P., Soil Testing for Engineering Khanna Publisher, Delhi. 18) Mandal J. N. and Divshikar D. G. A Guide to Geotextile Testing New Age International Publisher.
74

19) Murthy, V. N.S., Principles of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering CBS Publisher distributors Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.

20) Nayak N. V., Foundation Design Manual Dhanpat Rai & Sons., Delhi.
21) Negi L.S., Elementary Soil Mechanics Khanna Publisher, Delhi. 22) Nainan P. Kurian, Design of Foundation Systems Principles & Practice. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata.

23) Punamia B. C., Soil Mechanics and Foundations Standard Book House, Delhi.
24) Ramaiah, B. K. Chiknagappa L. S. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. 25) Rao G. V. Geosynthetics an Introduction. Sai Master Geoenvironmental Service Pvt. Ltd.,

Hyderabad,
26) Ramamurthy T. N., Sitharam, T. G. Geotechnical Engineering S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi. 27) Richard E. Goodman; Introduction of Rock Mechanics.

28) Robert D. Holtz, William D. Kovacs; An Introduction of Geotechnical Engineering.

75

29) Sehghal S. B., A Text Book of Soil Mechanics Sehghal Ed. Cons. & Pub. Faridabad. 30) Shamsher Prakash, Earthquake Engineering McGraw Hill Int, New York.

31) Shamsher Prakash, Gopal Ranjan, and Swani Saran, Analysis & Design of Foundations and Retaining Structures Sarita Prakashan, Meerut. 32) Srinivasulu, P and Vidyanathan V.C. Handbook of Machine Foundations Tata McGraw Hill, New

Delhi.
33) Swami Saran, Analysis & Design Of Substructures Limit State Design, Vijau Primilami For Oxford And IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 34) Swami Saran, Soil Dynamics And Machine Foundations Galgotia Publications Pvt.. Ltd, New Delhi.

35) Som N. N. and Das S. C. Theory and Practice of Foundation Design Prentice Hall & Co. New
Delhi.

76

Books (Expansive Soils)

1)

Geomembranes and the Control of Expansive Soils

Author: Malcolm Steinberg, ISBN: 0070611785, Hardcover: 400 pages Publisher: McGraw-Hill.
2)

Expansive Soils

Author: John D. Nelson, ISBN: 0471181145, Paperback: 288 pages Publisher: Wiley-Interscience.
3)

So Your Home Is Built on Expansive Soils

Author: American Society of Civil Engineers, ISBN: 0784401098 Paperback: 59 pages.

4)

Construction Buildings on Expansive Soils

Author: SOROCHAN, ISBN: 906191115X Hardcover: 306 pages, Publisher: SWETS.

5)

Foundations on Expansive Soils

Author: F. H. Chen, ISBN: 0444430369, Hardcover: 464 pages Publisher: Elsevier Science Pub Co.

77

Books (Geosynthetics)
Reinforced Soil Engineering: Advances in Research and Practice
Author: Hoe I. Ling, ISBN: 0824742540, Hardcover: 544 pages Publisher: CRC, August 1, 2003.

Geomembranes and the Control of Expansive Soils

Author: Malcolm Steinberg, ISBN: 007061178,5 Hardcover: 400 pages Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional, 1st edition ,July 1, 1998.

Designing with Geosynthetics

Author: Robert M Koerner ISBN: 0131454153 Hardcover: 816 pages Publisher: Prentice Hall

78

Books (Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering)

Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
by Steven L. Kramer ISBN: 0133749436

Soil Behaviour in Earthquake Geotechnics

Author: Kenji Ishihara ISBN: 0198562241 Hardcover: 360 pages Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA September 26, 1996

Advances in Soil Dynamics

Author: Shrinivasa K. Upadhyaya ISBN: 0929355520 Hardcover: 330 pages Publisher: American Society of Agricultural Engineers February 1995

Soil Dynamics
Author: Shamsher Prakash ISBN: 0070506582 Hardcover: 426 pages Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill May 1981

79

Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges

Author: M. J. N. Priestley, ISBN: 047157998X

Principles of Soil Dynamics

Author: Braja M. Das, ISBN: 0534931294, Hardcover: 592 pages Publisher: Thomson-Engineering

Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Handbook

Author: Robert W. Day, ISBN: 0071377824, Hardcover: 700 pages Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional

80

Books (Pile Foundation)

1. W. G. K Fleming, A. J. Weltman, M. E. Randolph, M. F. Randolph, W. K. Elson; Pile

Engineering.
2. Ruwan Rajapakse (2004); Geotechnical Engineering, Pile Design and Construction Guide,. 3. Charles Ng (2004); A Short Course in Soil Structure Engineering of deep foundation, excavation and Tunnels, Thomas Telford.

4. American Society of Civil Engineers; Standard Guidelines for the Design and Installation of Pile
Foundations. 5. L. C. Reese; Single piles and pile groups under lateral loading. 6. Clyde N. Baker; Drilled Piers and Caissons II, Amer Society of Civil Engineers.

7. Richard Jardine; ICP Design Methods for Driven Piles in Sand and Deep Foundation, Thomas
Telford. 8. M.J Tomlinson (1994); Pile Design and Construction Practice, Spon Press. 9. H. G Poulos; Pile Foundation Analysis and Design.

81

Geotechnical Handbooks
Geotechnical Engineering Handbook, Volumes 1-3 Author: Ulrich Smoltczyk, ISBN: 3433014523, Hardcover: 2175 pages, Publisher: John Wiley & Sons June 9, 2003
Foundation Engineering Handbook by Robert W. Day ,ISBN: 0071447695, ISBN: 1580012515 ,Paperback: 663 pages Publisher: Thomson Delmar Learning Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Handbook Author: Robert W. Day, ISBN: 0071377824, Hardcover: 700 pages, Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professiona Foundation Engineering Handbook Author: Hans F Winterkorn, ISBN: 0442295642, Hardcover: 751 pages, Publisher:Van Nostrand Reinhold 1975

Geotechnical Engineers Portable Handbook Author: Robert W. Day ,ISBN: 0071351116 ,Paperback: 560 pages, Publisher:McGraw-Hill
82

Indian Standard Codes Related To Geotechnical Engineering

83

1. IS: 1080-1995 COP for Design and Construction of Shallow Foundations. 2. IS: 1498-1970 Classification and Identification. 3. IS: 1888-1982 Load Test. 4. IS: 1892-1979 COP For Subsurface Investigation of Foundation. 5. IS: 1904-1986 COP for Design and Construction of Foundation in Soils: General

Requirements.
6. IS: 2131-1981 SPT (Standard Penetration Test). 7. IS: 2132-1986 COP for Thin Walled Tube Sampling. 8. IS: 2720 Part-2-1973 Water Content. 9. IS: 2720 Part-3-Section1-1980 Specific Gravity Fine Grained Soils. 10. IS: 2720 Part-3-Section2-1980 Specific Gravity-Fine, Medium and Coarse Grained Soils.

11. IS: 2720 Part-4-1985 Grain Size Analysis.

12. IS: 2720 Part-5-1985 Determination of Liquid and Plastic Limit.
84

13. IS: 2720 Part-7-1980 Water Content-Dry Density Relation Using Light Compaction. 14. IS: 2720 Part-8-1983 Water Content-Dry Density Relation Using Heavy Compaction. 15. IS: 2720 Part-9-1982 Dry Density-Moisture Content Relation by Constant Relation by Constant Weight of Soil Method. 16. IS: 2720 Part-10-1991 Unconfined Compressive Strength.

17. IS: 2720 Part-11-1993 Shear Strength Parameters (UU Without of Pore Water
Pressure Measurement). 18. IS: 2720 Part-12-1981 Shear Strength Parameters of Soils From Consolidated Undrained Test With Measurement of Pore Water Pressure. 19. IS: 2720 Part-13-1986 Direct Shear Test. 20. IS:2720 Part-14-1983 Determination of Density Index (Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils).

21. IS:2720 Part-15-1986 Consolidation Properties.

22. IS:2720 Part-16-1986 Laboratory Determination of CBR.
85

23. IS:2720 Part-17-1986 Determination of Permeability.

24. IS:2720 Part-18-1992 Field Moisture Equivalent.

25. IS:2720 Part-19-1992 Centrifuge Moisture Equivalent. 26. IS:2720 Part-22-1972 Determination of Organic Matter. 27. IS:2720 Part-28-1974 Dry Density in Place by the Sand Replacement Method. 28. IS:2720 Part-29-1975 Dry Density in Place by Core Cutter Method. 29. IS:2720 Part-30-1980 Laboratory Vane Shear Test. 30. IS:2720 Part-31-1990 Field Determination of California Bearing Ratio. 31. IS:2720 Part-32-1970 North Dakota Cone Test. 32. IS:2720 Part-33-1971 Density in Place by the Ring and Water Replacement Method. 33. IS:2720 Part-35-1974 Measurement of Negative Pore Water Pressure. 34. IS:2720 Part-36-1987 Determination of Permeability of granular soil. 35. IS:2720 Part-37-1976 Sand Equivalent Values of Soils and Fine Aggregates.
86

36. IS:2720 Part-38-1976 Compaction Mould Assembly for Light and Heavy

Compaction.
37. IS:2720 Part-39-Sec-1-1977 Direct Shear Test for Soils Containing Gravel: Laboratory Test. 38. IS:2720 Part-39-Sec-2-1979 Direct Shear Test for Soils Containing Gravel: In-situ Test. 39. IS:2720 Part-40-1977 Free Swell Index of Soils. 40. IS:2720 Part-41-1977 Swell Pressure of Soils.

41. IS: 2809-1972 Glossary of Terms And Symbols Relating to Soil Engineering.
42. IS:2810-1979 Glossary of Terms Relating to Soil Dynamics. 43. IS:2911 COP for Design and Construction of Pile Foundations. 44. IS:2950-1981 COP for Design and Construction of Raft Foundation. 45. IS:2974 COP for Design and Construction of Machine Foundations. 46. IS:4091-1979 COP for Design and Construction of Foundation for Transmission Line Tower and Poles.
87

47. IS:4247 Part-III-1978 COP for Structural Design of Surface Hydel Power

Stations: Substructures.
48. IS:4332 Test for Soil Stabilized Soil. 49. IS:4332 Part V-1970 unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soils. 50. IS:4332 Part VI-1972 Flexural Strength of soil Cement Using Simple Beam with Third Point Loading. 51. IS:4434-1978 COP for in-situ vane shear test. 52. IS:4453-1980 Subsurface Exploration By Pits, Trenches, Drafts And Shafts.

53. IS:4464-1985 COP for Presentation of Drilling Information and Core Description
in Foundation. 54. IS:4651 COP For Planning and Design of Ports and Harbours. 55. IS:4968 Subsurface Sounding. 56. IS:4988 Glossary of Terms and Classification of Earth Moving Machinery. 57. IS:5249-1992 Test for the Determination of Dynamic Properties of Soils. 58. IS:5313-1980 Guide for Core Drilling Observations.
88

59. IS:5510-1969 Guide for Soil Surveys for River Valley Projects. 60. IS:5529 COP for In-Situ Permeability Test. 61. IS:6066-1994 Pressure Grouting of Rock Foundation in River Valley Projects. 62. IS:6403-1981 COP for Determination of Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation.

63. IS:6427-1972 Glossary of Terms Related to Pile Driving Equipment.

64. IS:6524-1972 COP for Installation and Observation of Instrument for Temperature. 65. IS:6920-1973 COP for Diamond Core Drilling For Site Investigation for River Valley Projects. 66. IS:6935-1973 Determination of Water Level in a Bore Hole. 67. IS:6955-1973 COP For Subsurface Exploration for Earth and Rockfill Dams. 68. IS:7207-1992 Criteria for Design of Generator Foundation for Hydel Power Plant.

69. IS:7292-1974 COP In-Situ Determination of Rock Properties by Flat Jack.

70. IS:7314-1974 Glossary of Terms Relating to Port and Harbor Engineering. 71. IS:7317-1993 COP for Uniaxial Jacking Test for Deformation Modulus. .
89

72. IS:7422 Symbols And Abbreviation For Use in Geological Maps, Sections and

Subsurface.
73. IS:7746-1991 COP for In-Situ Shear Test. 74. IS:8009 COP For Calculation of Settlement of Foundation Subjected to Symmetrical Vertical Loads. 75. IS:8009 Part I-1976 Shallow Foundations. 76. IS:8009 Part I-1976 Deep Foundation. 77. IS:8763-1978 Undisturbed Sampling of Sands and Sandy Soils.

78. IS:8764-1978 Determination of Point Load Strength Index.

79. IS:9143-1979 Determination of Unconfined Compressive Strength 80. IS:9179-1972 Preparation of Rock Specimen for Laboratory Testing. 81. IS:9198-1979 Compaction Rammer for Soil Testing. 82. IS:9214-1979 Determination of Modulus of Subgrade Reaction in the Field. 83. IS:9221-1979 Determination of Modulus of Elasticity and Poissons ratio in Uniaxial compression.
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84. IS:9259-1979 Liquid Limit Apparatus. 81. IS:9456-1980 COP for Design and Construction of Conical and Hyperbolic Paraboloidal

Types of Shell Foundations.

82. IS:9527 COP for Design and Construction of Port And Harbour Structures. 83. IS:9640-1980 Split Spoon Sampler. 84. IS:9669-1980 CBR Mould and Its Accessories. 85. IS:9716-1981 Lateral Dynamic Load Test on Piles. 86. IS:10020 Design and Construction of Port and Harbour Components. 87. IS:10042-1981 COP for Site Investigation for Foundation in Gravel, Boulder Deposits.

88. IS:10050-1981 Determination of Slack Durability Index.

89. IS:10062-1981 COP for Subsurface Investigation for Powerhouse Sites. 90. IS:10074-1982 Compaction Mould Assembly for Light and Heavy Compaction. 91. IS:10077-1982 Equipment for Determination of Linear Shrinkage. 92. IS:10082-1981 Determination of Compressive and Tensile Strength by Indirect Test. 93. IS:10108-1982 COP for Sampling by Thin Wall Sampler With Stationary Piston
91

94.

IS:11196-1985 Equipment for Determination of Liquid Limit Come Penetration Method.

95.

IS: 10207-1982 Design and Construction of Prestressed Rock Anchors.

96.

IS:10290-1982 COP for Photo-Geological Interpretation and Mapping River Valley

Project site.

97.

IS:10379-1982 COP for Field Control of Moisture and Compaction of Soils for Embankment and Subgrade.

98. 99.

IS:10442-1983 Earth Augers. IS:10589-1983 Equipment for Determination of Subsurface Sounding of Soils.

100. IS:10782-1983 Laboratory Determination of Dynamic Modulus of

Rock Core Specimens.

101. IS:10785-1983 Determination of Compressive and Tensile Strength for Point Load Tests. 102. IS:10837-1984 Modulus For Determination of Relative Density and its Accessories.
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103. IS:11089-1984 COP for Design and Construction of Ring Foundation. 104. IS: 11208-1987 Method of Measurement of Earth Pressure by Hydraulic Pressure Cell.

105.

IS:11269-1986 Code of Practice for Installation and Operation of Single

Point Hydraulic Overflow Setting Gauge.

106. IS:11315 part II-1985 Core Recovery and Rock Quality. 107. IS:11594-1985 Specification for Thin Walled Sampling Tubes and Sampler Heads. 108. IS:11550-1985 COP for Field Instrumentation of Swelling Pressure in Expansive Soil. 109. IS:11593-1985 Specification for Shear Box (Large) for Soils. 110. IS:12175-1987 specification for rapid moisture meter for rapid determination of water content for soil. 111. IS:11229-1985 Shear Box For Testing of Soils. 112. IS: 12287-1988 Specification for Consolidometer for Determination consolidation Properties.

113.

IS:13468-1982 Specification for Apparatus For Determination of Dry Density of

by Core Cutter Method.

Soils

114.

SP7-1983 Part-VI Section-2 Foundation (National building codes of India).

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Geotechnical Publications (Manual for Download)

1. Foundation and earth structures 2. Download naval design manual 3. Soil dynamics and special design aspects

4. Geotechnical directory : publications

5. FHWA Soils and Foundations Reference Manual

94

Electronic Journals
Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Reports. The earthquake engineering research institute is a national, nonprofit, technical society of engineers, geoscientists, architects, planners, public officials, and social scientists. Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics Journal. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics. Electronic Journal of Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. Electronics Journals: Choose Earth Sciences.
95

Geotechnical Journals
1. Computers and Geotechnics Journal 2. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 3. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Journal. 4. Geotechnical Engineering Journal 5. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvoronmental engineering

6. Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics Journal.

7. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics. 8. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, A S C E. 9. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, A S C E. 10. Journal of Construction Division, A S C E.. 11. Journal of the Structural Division, A S C E.

96

12.Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 13.Journal of the Society of Hungarian Architects and Engineers. 14.Journal of the Japanese Society of Civil Engineers. 15.Soil and Foundations, Japan. 16.Journal of the Institute of Civil Engineers, London. 17.Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers. 18.Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM Philadelphia. 19.Geotechnical Institute of Civil Engineers, London, England. 20.International Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics.. 21.Indian Geotechnical Journal, India. 22.Australian Geomechanics, Australia.

97

Corps of Engineers Publications

1. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Reports.
2. Geotextile and Geomembranes. 3. Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics Journal.

4. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.

5. Pile Buck The Pile Driving, Foundation and Marine Contractors Webpaper. 6. Introduction to Geology and Soil Mechanics

7. Concrete Floors Slabs on Grade Subjected to Heavy Loads.

8. Dewatering and Ground Water Control. 9. Foundation in Expansive Soil.

10.Foundation Engineering by Prof. Bengt B. Broms.

98

Geotechnical Societies and Institutes

1. Geotechnical Directory: Societies, Institutes. Associations and Councils. 2. DFI - Deep Foundation Institute. 3. Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvoronmental Specialists. 4. American Rock Mechanics Association. 5. Professional Firms Practicing In the Geosciences. 6. Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society. 7. Midland Geotechnical Society. 8. Canadian Geotechnical Society. 9. Canadian Dam Association. 10.European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers. 11.National Council for Geo-Engineering and Construction.
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12. American Society of Civil Engineers GEO Institute. 13. Geological Society. 14. International Tunneling Association. 15. Forensic Engineering Technical Group. 16. Canadian Geotechnical Society. 17. Geological Index. 18. The World Commission on Dams. 19. American Council of Engineering Companies of Indiana. 20. EFFC- European Federation of Foundation Contractors. 21. International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 22. Swedish Geotechnical Institute. 23. International Society for Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engineering. 24. United States Universities Council on Geotechnical Engineering Research VELACS Project. 25. The Institute for Geotechnology. 26. National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC). 27. Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference (RETC).
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Universities and Research Centers

1. Geotechnical Engineering at Purdue University
2. University of California Geotechnical Engineering Program 3. MIT Geotechnical and Geoenvoronmental Engineering

4. Geosystems Group at Georgia Institutes of Technology

5. Geotechnical Engineering Program at Texas A&M 6. University of California Geotechnical Modeling Research Center

7. Monash University Geomechanics Group

8. Delft University of Technology Geotechnical Laboratory 9. Innsbruck University Institute for Geotechnics and Tunneling

10.University of Sydney Center for Geotechnical Research

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11.Tulane University Geotechnical Engineering

12.University of Florida Geotechnical Engineering

13.University of Durham Geo- Engineering 14.University of Saskatchewan geo-Environmental and Geotechnical Engineering Research 15.NTU-PWD Geotechnical Research Centre, Singapore 16.Soil Mechanics Laboratory at The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 17.Nottingham Trent University 18.University of Western Ontario, Geotechnical Research Centre 19.Center for Geotechnical Centrifuge Modeling; University of Maryland 20.Earthquake Engineering Strong Motion Group, University of Southern California 21.Geotechnical Engineering Teaching Resources 22.Civil Engineering Virtual Library
102