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Caribbean Studies
Objectives
To explain what are earthquakes and volcanoes To identify major area of earthquake and volcanic activity. To assess the positive and negative effects of earthquakes and volcanoes.
The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks Continuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks
Anatomy of an Earthquake
Focus (or hypocentre): the center of energy release. Epicentre: the point on the ground surface immediately above the focus (closest point on the surface to the focus).
earthquakes strength The kind of rock and soil that underlie an area The population of the area The kind of buildings in the area The time at which the earthquake occurs
Seismologists
Seismologists study earthquakes. They can determine the strength of an earthquake by the height of the wavy line recorded on the paper. The seismograph record of waves is called a seismogram. The Richter scale is used to calculate the strength of an earthquake.
What is a Volcano?
A volcano is a weak spot in the crust where molten material comes to the surface Magma reaching the surface is called lava. A volcanic eruption is the process wherein volcanic materials such as lava, fragmented rocks or gases are emitted or ejected through a crater, vent or fissure on to the earth's surface to form new deposits.
Volcanic Terms
A volcano not known to have erupted within modern history is classified as an extinct volcano. A volcano that has been known to erupt within modern times but is now inactive is classified as a dormant volcano. An active volcano is one that erupts wither continually or periodically
Structure of volcano
Volcanoes occur most frequently at plate boundaries. Some volcanoes, like those that form the Hawaiian Islands, occur in the interior of plates at areas called hot spots . The greatest number of volcanoes occur on the ocean floor along spreading ridges. Over 80% of those on land occur at edges of continents, or subduction zones, where one plate dives, or subducts, under another plate.
Types of Volcanoes
Shield volcano Cinder cone volcano
Composite volcano
eruptions
magma explodes from volcano and solidifies in the air existing rock is shattered by powerful eruptions Lapilli
Volcanic bombs
QUESTIONS