ECE201 Lect-11 1

Nodal and Loop Analysis contd

(8.8)
Dr. Holbert
March 1, 2006
ECE201 Lect-11 2
Advantages of Nodal Analysis
Solves directly for node voltages.
Current sources are easy.
Voltage sources are either very easy or
somewhat difficult.
Works best for circuits with few nodes.
Works for any circuit.
ECE201 Lect-11 3
Advantages of Loop Analysis
Solves directly for some currents.
Voltage sources are easy.
Current sources are either very easy or
somewhat difficult.
Works best for circuits with few loops.
ECE201 Lect-11 4
Disadvantages of Loop Analysis
Some currents must be computed from loop
currents.
Does not work with non-planar circuits.
Choosing the supermesh may be difficult.

FYI: PSpice uses a nodal analysis approach
ECE201 Lect-11 5
Where We Are
Nodal analysis is a technique that allows us
to analyze more complicated circuits than
those in Chapter 2.
We have developed nodal analysis for
circuits with independent current sources.
We now look at circuits with dependent
sources and with voltage sources.
ECE201 Lect-11 6
Example Transistor Circuit
1kO
+

V
in

2kO
+10V
+

V
o

Common Collector
(Emitter Follower)
Amplifier
ECE201 Lect-11 7
Why an Emitter Follower
Amplifier?
The output voltage is almost the same as the
input voltage (for small signals, at least).
To a circuit connected to the input, the EF
amplifier looks like a 180kO resistor.
To a circuit connected to the output, the EF
amplifier looks like a voltage source
connected to a 10O resistor.
ECE201 Lect-11 8
A Linear Large Signal Equivalent
5V
100I
b

+

V
o

50O
I
b

2kO 1kO
+

+
0.7V
ECE201 Lect-11 9
Steps of Nodal Analysis
1. Choose a reference node.
2. Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
3. Apply KCL to each node other than the
reference node; express currents in terms of
node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear
equations.
ECE201 Lect-11 10
A Linear Large Signal Equivalent
5V
100I
b

+

V
o

50O
I
b

2kO
1kO
0.7V
1
2 3 4
V
1

V
2

V
3
V
4

+

+
ECE201 Lect-11 11
Steps of Nodal Analysis
1. Choose a reference node.
2. Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
3. Apply KCL to each node other than the
reference node; express currents in terms of
node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear
equations.
ECE201 Lect-11 12
KCL @ Node 4
O
= +
O

k 2
100
50
4 4 3
V
I
V V
b
100I
b

+

V
o

50O
I
b

2kO
1kO
+

0.7V
1
2 3 4
V
1

V
2

V
3
V
4

5V
+
ECE201 Lect-11 13
The Dependent Source
We must express I
b
in terms of the node
voltages:


Equation from Node 4 becomes
O

=
k 1
2 1
V V
I
b
0
k 2 k 1
100
50
4 2 1 4 3
=
O

+
O
V V V V V
ECE201 Lect-11 14
How to Proceed?
The 0.7V voltage supply makes it
impossible to apply KCL to nodes 2 and 3,
since we dont know what current is passing
through the supply.
We do know that
V
2
- V
3
= 0.7V
ECE201 Lect-11 15
100I
b

+

V
o

50O
I
b

2kO
1kO
0.7V
1
4
V
1

V
2

V
3
V
4

+

+
ECE201 Lect-11 16
KCL @ the Supernode
0
50 k 1
4 3 1 2
=
O

+
O
V V V V
ECE201 Lect-11 17
Another Analysis Example
We will analyze a possible implementation
of an AM Radio IF amplifier. (Actually,
this would be one of four stages in the IF
amplifier.)
We will solve for output voltages using
nodal (and eventually) mesh analysis.
This circuit is a bandpass filter with center
frequency 455kHz and bandwidth 40kHz.
ECE201 Lect-11 18
IF Amplifier
4kO
1V Z 0
+

V
out

100pF
160O
100pF
80kO

+
V
x
100V
x

+

+

ECE201 Lect-11 19
Nodal AC Analysis
Use AC steady-state analysis.
Start with a frequency of e=2t 455,000.
ECE201 Lect-11 20
Impedances
4kO
1V Z 0
+

V
out

160O
80kO

+
V
x
100V
x

-j3.5kO
-j3.5kO
+

+

ECE201 Lect-11 21
Nodal Analysis
1 2
4kO
1V Z 0
+

V
out

160O
80kO

+
V
x
100V
x

-j3.5kO
-j3.5kO
+

+

ECE201 Lect-11 22
KCL @ Node 1
0
3.5k - 3.5k -
100
0 6 1 4k
V 1
2 1 1 1 1
=
O

+
O

+
O
+
O

j j
x
V V V V V V
O
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
+
O
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
+
O
+
O
+
O
4k
V 1
3.5k
1
3.5k -
100
3.5k -
1
3.5k -
1
0 6 1
1
k 4
1
2
1
j j
j j
V
V
2
V V =
x
ECE201 Lect-11 23
KCL @ Node 2
0
0k 8
100
3.5k -
2 1 2
=
O

+
O

x
j
V V V V
0
0k 8
101
3.5k -
1
3.5k
1
2 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
+
O
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
O j j
V V
2
V V =
x
ECE201 Lect-11 24
(
(

O
=
(

(
(
(
(

O
+
O

O
O
+
O

O
+
O
0
4k
V 1
80k
101
3.5k
1
3.5k
1
3.5k
1
3.5k
100
3.5k
2
160
1
k 4
1
2
1
V
V
j j
j j j
Matrix Formulation
ECE201 Lect-11 25
Solve Equations
V
1
= 0.0259V-j0.1228V = 0.1255VZ-78
V
2
= 0.0277V-j4.1510
-4
V=0.0277V Z -0.86
V
out
= -100V
2
= 2.77V Z 179.1
ECE201 Lect-11 26
Class Examples
Learning Extension E3.6

Learning Extension E8.13
Learning Extension E8.14(a)