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BASIC DEFINITONS
HEALTH: The protection of the bodies & minds of people from illness resulting materials processes or procedures used in the workplace WHAT IS !!"#ATI $A% I%%&H'A%TH( SAFETY: The protection of people from ph)sical in*ur)
BASIC DEFINITONS
ACCIDENT & unplanned, unwanted e-ent that results in loss. OCCUPATINAL ACCIDENT & accident arising as result of or during work resulting in occupational loss.
COMMUTING ACCIDENT
Occupational accident occurrin ! & on the direct wa) between the place of work and the emplo)ee0s residence1 & the place of work & the place where emplo)ees take their meals1 or & an) other known work related destination.
HA$A"D! an)thing with the potential to cause harm. !AT'3 4I5' HA5A46S 734 "# 6IS!"SSI $8 "IS%! In the conte9t of HS', risk is defined as a measure of the probabilit) for an #robabilit) incident to happen and of the potential se-erit) of the conse:uences. 7;S HSAS 1<==1:2==>8 Dan erou& occurrence: something happens which does not result in a reportable in*ur), but which clearl) could ha-e done 7refer to 4I66 4 & discuss8.
Se-erit)
Ho'e(er) t*ere are &o+e po'er,ul incenti(e& ,or or ani-ation& to 'or. on ac*ie(in *i * OHS &tandard&!
MORAL (protect people from injury & ill health) ECONOMIC (cost effective objectives' achievement) LEGAL (legal compliance & avoidance of law suites)
E/ternal
3o-ernment bodies $ational safet) organisations Suppliers and manufacturers International standards !onsultants and specialists Insurance companies
International Standards rganiBation IS publishes international standards ;S HSAS 1<==1: 2==> C ccupational Health & Safet) Assessment SeriesC ;SI HS3 ?2, 2==+: CSuccessful Health & Safet) @anagement S)stems
D o
Step 4
#e!ie$ against ob"e ti!es and standards and take appropriate a tion
Chec k
SUCCESSFUL OHS MS
1.# %I!F 2. 43A$I5ATI $ +.#%A$$I$3 & I@#%'@'$TATI $ /.@'AS"4I$3 #'4G 4@A$!' 2.4'HI'W & A"6ITS 76IS!"SS I$ 34 "# A!TIHITF8
'uditing
@ 4 A
Organising
E!aluation
O"GANI$ATIONAL ST"UCTU"E
"OLES 1 "ESPONSIBILITIES! 6irectors & senior managers Super-isors Safet) ad-isers Specialists 'mplo)ees
CONT"ACTO"S
J 'mplo)ers are responsible for protecting people Kincluding contractors & subcontractors& from harm caused b) work acti-ities. J !ontractors ha-e a well established & implemented HS management s)stem. J !ontractors ha-e a histor) & e9perience in the field.
CONT"ACTO"S
Top contractor management demonstrates commitment to HS. !ontractors can pro-e competenc) of their personnel. !ontractors are monitoring different E#I LsM1 accident rates, ill health dataNetc.
What else(O
Contractor& dutie&
J J J J To consider the risks to their own emplo)ees from the work The risks to the clients emplo)ees from their acti-ities 4isks to the public and others from the work To follow clients rules and procedures
Dutie& o, E+plo0er&!
Safe plant a& s)stems of work Safe place of work, access & egress #ro-ision of I T I S 7discuss8 A written HS polic) with organiBational & other arrangements !onsultation with emplo)ees and safet) representati-es Safe working en-ironment with Welfare facilities "ndertake suitable & sufficient 4isk Assessments & implement ade:uate control measures
Dutie& o, E+plo0ee&!
"se an) e:uipment or substance in accordance with an) training or instruction gi-en b) the emplo)er. Show reasonable care towards themsel-es & others affected b) their acti-ities. !ooperate with emplo)ers assisting them to fulfill their legal duties. $ot to break HS regulations deliberatel). 4eport to the emplo)er an) serious or imminent danger. 4eport an) shortcomings in the emplo)er0s protecti-e HS arrangements
T*e rea&on& a per&on +a0 ,ail to co+pl0 'it* a &a,et0 procedure alt*ou * t*e0 are co+petent are co+ple/ :ut +a0 include!
%ack of moti-ation "nrealistic working procedures %ack of management commitment -er familiarisation with the task 4epetiti-e work leading to boredom #eer group pressure Wilful disregard of laid down proceduresDsuper-ision Gatigue and stress %ack of information, consultation Iob insecurit)
Direct=I++ediate cau&e o, an accident An un'anted) unplanned e(ent t*at re&ult& in a lo&& "oot=Underl0in cau&e o, an accident T*e ,ailure& in +ana e+ent &0&te+& or procedure& t*at *a(e led to t*e accident
"eportin o, accident&
J 4eport to enforcing authorit) J In*uries in-ol-ing lost time J 6angerous occurrences J ccupational diseases
In,or+ation in "eport
J J J J J J J J Who is in*ured person Where the accident happened When it happened What happened Wh) it happened 6ocumentation '-idence 4ecommendations
<or.place In&pection&
A formal, structured e9amination possibl) b) a team of people of the working en-ironment that identif) haBards that are not controlled
Li+itation& o, in&pection&
J Some haBards are not -isible J Some haBards not alwa)s present J "nsafe practices not seen
T0pe& o, in&pection&
J 3eneral workplace inspections J Statutor) inspections J !ompliance inspections
In&pection C*ec.li&t
J J J J J J J J J J J J J !ondition of processes and plant !ontractors 'lectrical 'n-ironmental conditions Gire protection Girst aid Hand held tools HaBardous substances HousekeepingDcleanliness %ifting e:uipment @anual handling @achiner) guarding $oise etc.
Sa,et0 Sa+plin
A random e9ercise in which assigned obser-ers walk in allotted timescale noting incidence of health and safet) defects on pre& prepared sheets
Sa,et0 Tour&
An unscheduled e9amination of a workplace to look for acceptable standards. A tour can be carried out b) a @anager and demonstrates commitment to safet)
Audit
A thorough e9amination of the performance of the health and safet) management s)stems, procedures. Audits look at @anagement s)stems, #rocedures, Training, documentation such as safe s)stems, #ermits to work, Inter-iew selected emplo)ees as well as e9amining the workplace.
"eacti(e Monitorin
J J J J J J J J J Accidents Incidents Ill&health statistics $ear misses 6angerous occurrences !omplaints b) workforce 'nforcement action #rosecutions !i-il claims
SUITABLE 1 SUFFICIENT
All aspects of work acti-it) to be considered1 4outine and $on 4outine operations. Identif) significant haBards and risks & e-aluate the risks. Identif) control measures in place and planned D pre-ention and mitigation. !onsider risks to public. 'nsure the risk assessment is regularl) re-iewed.
"IS% NT ASSESSME
Accident, ill health or near miss data. Iob safet) anal)sis. %egal standards. 3uidance1 I% , HS'... etc. SHA, IS ,
7@ "IS% E;ALUATION
A8 #robabilit) or %ikelihood of Harm ccurring
$ighly 1nlikely )easonably Likely 'ven 2hance $ighly Likely 3lmost 2ertain
1 ! & / 0
;8 !onse:uences or Se-erit) of Harm 4inor *njury5 2uts and abrasions6 minor skin or eye irritations6 etc.
*njury re.uiring first aid5 3ny injury that re.uires first aid. *njury or industrial disease re.uiring medical treatment5 "eep wounds6 fractures6 scalds6 burns6 eye injuries6 respiratory infections6 temporary blindness or hearing loss6 etc. +erious injury or long term medical effects (industrial disease)5 Loss of fingers6 toes6 damage to eyes6 serious medical effects. 4ajor *njury or 7atality5 Loss of limbs6 sight6 hearing6 long term illness or death.
1 ! &
HIE"A"CHY OF CONT"OL
Eli+inationA get rid of the haBard altogether K if possible. Su:&titutionA replace a haBard with something less haBardous e.g. lead free flu9. En ineerin control& = I&olationA @achine guarding, Sound proof control roomsN etc. Ad+ini&trati(e control&A Iob rotation, Training, Work Instructions, Super-ision, Information, Safe S)stem of Work, 'mergenc) preparedness, Signs, 3ood House keeping Per&onal Protecti(e EBuip+entA last line of defense. di&cipline
<HY>
Accident In-estigation. Guture reference. Audits. 6ut) of care D %egal re:uirements.
IEW S?! V E O R MENT T S HEN SSES W 5] ISK A R
3@ "e(ie' "i&. A&&e&&+ent& in ca&e o,! Accidents, $ear misses or 'mergencies. #eriodicall) & If It is no longer -alid. !hange in legal re:uirements. After Audits. $ew Acti-ities D e:uipment D personnel. $ew info a-ailable D $ew technologies.
Sa,et0 Si n&
#rohibition L!ircular, 4ed, white backgroundM Warning LTriangular, Fellow black edgingM @andator) L!ircular, ;lue white s)mbolsM Safe !ondition L3reen, White s)mbolsM
Mec*anical Ha-ard&
EN tanglement T raps Shearing, drawing in, crushing I mpact C ontact Griction, abrasion, cutting and stabbing, puncture E *ection
"e+e+:er! ENTICE
Cru&*in
Entan le+ent
Contact
Dra'in in
Cru&*in
Entan le+e nt
S*earin
Ot*er Ha-ard&
P*otocopier 6rawing in Trap between mo-ing parts !hemicals "ltra -iolet light Docu+ent &*redder 6rawing in to cutters !ontact with cutters 6ust
Interloc. Guard!# Lin.ed to t*e +ac*ine control& &o t*at '*en t*e +ac*ine i& in a dan erou& condition t*e uard cannot :e opened or openin t*e uard cau&e& t*e +ac*ine to :eco+e &a,e Interloc. Guard Ad(anta e& Allow safe access for feeding materials !on-enient to use %ess likel) to be deliberatel) defeated Speeds up operations
Di&ad(anta e& Increase the comple9it) of the machine 6ifficult to test and maintain @a) need a brake or time dela) !omponents could fail in ser-ice 4egular maintenance re:uired @a) not fail to safet)
MOVIE TI ME
;EHICLE OPE"ATIONS
%ack of Training, 6ri-ing training, Information, Instructions & super-ision. #assage wa)s are too narrow, too steep, slipper), une-enN etc. #lace of work: #oor lighting, dust, noiseN etc. Hehicles o-erloaded, load unbalanced or unsecuredN etc. #oor or no road markings, no barriers or clear safet) signs, lack of warnings sound s)stems.
7F
FO"%LIFT SAFETY
FO"%LIFT HA$A"DS!
-erturning1 une-en dri-e wa)s, sudden braking, wheels hitting an obstructionN etc. -erloading1 e9ceeding the SW%, insecure & unbalanced load.
!ollisions & striking pedestrians Lunaware of the silent operating electrical truckM ;atter) charging1 fire & e9plosion. %ack of dri-er training, information, e9perience & super-ision. %ifting humans.
J Suitable age J @edical e9amination J 4outine medical checks at regular inter-als J Assessment after prolonged absences J !apable of Training J 4efresher training Sa,et0 o, pede&trian& in (e*icle +o(in area& J Segregation J Suitable parking areas J A-oid re-ersing if possible J ne&wa) s)stems J A-oid sharp or blind bends J Sufficientl) wide entrances and gatewa)s J Hision aids J Speed limits J Signallers L;anksmenM J #rotection from fumes J #rotection from materials falling off
Ba&ic Circuitr0
Glow of current needs a closed circuit e.g. electrical lamp & batter) *oined together b) a conductor.
4esistance
J ;atter) operated J !hecked before use J Suitable selected e:uipment J #roperl) maintained e:uipment T*e Lead!# J 'nsure not run o-er b) -ehicles J 6ragged o-er rough ser-ices J Trapped in machiner) J '9posed to hot surfaces or corrosi-e chemicals J !ontinuous fle9ing Goint&) Connection& and plu &!# J @akeshift temporar) connections J %eads getting pulled out J #oor made connections J Guse being replaced
Fu&e!# A 'ea. lin. de&i ned to +elt) :rea.in t*e circuit at e/ce&&i(e current& Circuit Brea.er&!# Electro+a netic de(ice '*ic* per,or+ t*e &a+e ,unction a& ,u&e& iDeD :rea. t*e circuit at e/ce&&i(e current alt*ou * &li *tl0 ,a&ter Eart*in !# Electricit0 'ill al'a0& tr0 reac* eart* and eart*in +ean& pro(idin a pat* to eart* lo'er t*an t*e *u+an :od0 I&olation!# T*e di&connection and &eparation o, t*e electrical eBuip+ent ,ro+ e(er0 &ource o, electrical eBuip+ent in &uc* a 'a0 t*at t*e di&connection and &eparation i& &ecure "educed (olta e &0&te+&!# B0 reducin t*e (olta e pre&ent &0&te+ t*e con&eBuence& o, electrical &*oc. can :e reatl0 reduced "e&idual Current De(ice& H"CD5!# It co+pare& t*e current ,lo'in into t*e &0&te+ 'it* t*e current ,lo'in outD <*en t*e le(el di,,er& :0 a pre&et (alue t*e "CD 'ill open rapidl0 and interrupt t*e &uppl0 Dou:le In&ulation!# Co(erin li(e part& :0 t'o &eparated la0er& o, in&ulation
J !ables are correctl) routed J S)stem not o-erloaded J !orrect fuses J #lug properl) wired and gripped J !ompetent users J "sing reduced -oltage in wet conditions J "sing 4!6s O,,ice En(iron+ent& J Suitable e:uipment manufactured to appropriate standards J A-oid the use of trailing cables J A-oid multi&socket e9tensions J !ontrol pri-ate electrical e:uipment brought from home J 4eport defecti-e and damaged e:uipment
MOVIE TI ME
CLASSIFICATION OF FI"ES
J Cla&& A! Solid +aterial&A ru::er) paper) 'ood) pla&tic&) ,urnitureE etcD Can :e e/tin ui&*ed :0 <ater J Cla&& B! %i:uids e.g. methanol, petrol, etc1 "se dr) powder J Cla&& C! 3ases1 butane or propane. !an be e9tinguished using foam or dr) powder. J Cla&& D! @etals1 Aluminum or @agnesium. !an be e9tinguished b) special dr) powder. '%'!T4I!A% GI4'S1 use carbon dio9ide or dr) powder J Cla&& F J High temperature cooking oils & fats
SOU"CES OF IGNITION
The following are possible sources of ignition to start a fire: $aked flames 'lectricit) Lo-erheatingDarcingM Smoking materials Hot work Lwelding, burningM !hemical reactions Lgi-ing off heatM Heating appliances Lhot surfacesM Griction Linade:uate lubricationM Static electricit) %ightning Improper storage of flammable materials %ack of inspection and super-ision
E+er enc0 E(acuation procedure&A 'ach workplace should ha-e an emergenc) plan 7emplo)er0s responsibilit)8) it should include:
The action to be taken b) staff in the e-ent of fire. The e-acuation procedure The arrangements for calling the fire brigade Girst stage fire fighting b) emplo)ees
Fire Mar&*al&A a senior member of the staff should be appointed as departmental fire marshals LwardensM, with consideration of absences, their duties are to ensure that:
Alarm has been raised Whole dept. has been e-acuated Gire brigade has been called Gire doors are closed #lant shut down where-er appropriate 4oll call is carried out at the assembl) point & the result reported to senior manager.
G"OUP ACTI;ITY
6IS!"SS TH' ! @@ $ !A"S'S & ! $S'Q"'$!'S G GI4' I$ TH' W 4E#%A!'
Segregate1 incompatible chemicals #ro-ided with fire fighting s)stems & e9tinguishers do not mi9
W,. C8,;(-/'
MEANS OF ESCAPE
J+hould open in the direction of travel D%%&0 & be fire resistant. J+hould not re.uire any intelligence or e-tra force to open & should be self closing. J8ever obstructed. 8eed to be short & lead people directly to a place of safety9 open air6 area of no imminent danger. J'scalators & spiral stairways are not to be used for emergency evacuations J4ust be clearly marked & known by all occupants J4ust be in a safe are free of any imminent danger. J3 complete list of the names of all staff should be maintained by the fire 4arshal to make a roll call on evacuation. E0-/5, R%*.,0
EME"GENCY A""ANGEMENTS
'@'43'$!F 'HA!"ATI $ #4 !'6"4'S GI4' @A4SHA%S T'STI$3, 64I%% & T4AI$I$3 #4 HISI $ G 4 TH' 6ISA;%'6
MOVIE TI ME
ELEMENT C HA!ARDS & CONTROL ASSOCIATED WITH MANUAL HANDLING AND REPETITIVE MOVEMENT
MANUAL HANDLING
C@anual handlingC is the mo-ement of a load b) human effort alone1 trans%orting or su%%orting loads directly or indirectly using bodily force. Co++on Manual Handlin Ha-ard&! Too Hea-) loads & #oor posture during lifting. 6ropping load. Sharp edged or hot loads.
Cau&e& o, <"ULD&
J J J J J J J J J 4epetiti-e finger, hand or arm mo-ements Twisting mo-ements S:ueeBing Hammering #ushing, pulling or reaching mo-ements $umbness in fingers #ains in hands or arms 4estriction of *oint mo-ement Soft tissue swelling
S0+pto+&
MOVIE TI ME
"oute& o, entr0 in t*e :od0 J Inhalation J Ingestion J Absorption J 6irect entr) J In*ection
Acute e,,ect&!# Ad(er&e *ealt* e,,ect& re&ultin ,ro+ &in le or &*ort ter+ e/po&ure '*ic* i& u&uall0 re(er&i:le eD D Alco*ol C*ronic!# Ad(er&e *ealt* ter+ e,,ect& re&ultin ,ro+ prolon ed or repeated e/po&ure leadin to a radual o,ten irre(er&i:le e,,ect& eD D li(er di&ea&e cau&ed :0 Alco*ol
Du&t Identi,ication
J J J J Hisual signs of dust 6ust lamps Static or personal sampling Health sur-eillance
<a&te Stora e
J J J J J J J J J Sufficient storage area !learl) the label the storage area 'nsure storage area secure #rotect storage area with bunds etc. Store different t)pes of waste separatel) $e-er store incompatible waste together Select appropriate containers Eeep :uantities of waste to a minimum #rotect waste from the elements
Du&t&
Solid particles suspended in the air for a period of time. SiBe ranges from =.1Rm LfineM to 1==Rm LcoarseM. #roduced b) mechanical process e.g. grinding, or b) construction process e.g. demolition, or other specific tasks e.g. cotton or wood work
Fu+e&
Gormed when a material from a -olatiliBed solid condenses in cool air. "suall) e9tremel) fine S1.=Rm e.g. welding & soldering fumes.
Ga&e&
Gormless fluids which e9pand to occup) the space in which the)0re confined e.g. !arbon @ono9ide, H)drogen SulphideN etc
Mi&t&
Suspended li:uid droplets generated b) condensation of li:uids from the -apor back to the li:uid state or b) breaking up li:uid into dispersed state e.g. paint spra)ing mist LatomiBationM.
;apor&
Holatile forms of substance that are normall) in the solid or li:uid state at room temperature & pressure e.g. sol-ents used in degreasing Ltoluene, acetoneN etcM.
LiBuid&
Gluids that e9ist normall) at temperature between boiling & freeBing.
S+o.e
Aerosol of solid or li:uid particles, S=.1Rm in siBe, resulting from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials e.g. !arbon particles.
G"OUP ACTI;ITY
6IS!"SS TH' '$T4F 4 "T'S G HA5A46 "S S";STA$!'S T TH' H"@A$ ; 6F & TH' 6'G'$S' @'!HA$IS@S
SOU"CES OF INFO"MATION
%A;'%S I$H'$T 4F @AT'4IA% SAG'TF 6ATA SH''T T4A6' ASS !IATI $ #";%I!ATI $S TH' I$T'4$'T
@AT'4IA% SAG'TF 6ATA SH''T
TO9ICOLOGY
De,inition!
The stud) of how different materials will affect the human bod). The effect that a substance will ha-e on the bod) will depend on a number of factors:
'F' #4 T'!TI $
LAST "ESO"T
Air Pollution!
utdoors1 machiner) & industr) emissions & smoking. Indoors1 heating s)stems & spra)sN etc @ainl) b) emissions1 carbon mono9ide, sulphur dio9ide, nitrogen dio9ide & leadN etc %eads to Acid rain & global warming Ha-e serious Health effects on human beings
<ater Pollution!
#ollution of ri-ers & other water sources can ha-e serious effects on the health of li-ing organisms. %eakage from industrial soak awa) or chemical factories. Sewer discharge & oil spill contaminating underground water Water samples should be taken from water sources & sewers. @S6S to ad-ise on proper disposal of different haBardous substances
G"OUP ACTI;ITY
6IS!"SS TH' '$HI4 $@'$TA% ISS"'S: AI4, WAT'4 & %A$6 # %%"TI $ & WAST' @A$A3'@'$T #%A$S
MOVIE TI ME
<or.&tation reBuire+ent&
Drin.in <ater @ust be readil) accessible to all workforce Suppl) must be ade:uate
;entilation
Should be effecti-e & sufficient & free from an) impurities Air inlets to be sited free from an) potential contaminants 'nsure workers are free from uncomfortable draughts 'nsure continuous fresh air flow "se %'H or 6ilute Hentilation if re:uired
Heatin 1 Te+perature
'nsure reasonable temperatures in all workplaces during working hours Air conditions to be used where possible A! to be regularl) inspected & maintained #ro-ide thermometers to indicate room temperature #ro-ide suitable ##' where A! is not ade:uate e.g. on entering big restaurants0 cold stores
Li *tin
#oor lighting increases the risk of accidents e.g. slips, trips & falls. #ro-ision of sufficient & suitable lighting1 shall be natural light if possible #ro-ision of sufficient emergenc) lighting in all rooms, kitchens, rest rooms & emergenc) routes !onsider using blinds on windows in cases of reflecti-e screen glare Windows & sk)lights to be kept clean & free from obstruction
Seatin 1 <or.&tation&
Sitting for prolonged periods can cause health risks1 blood circulation problems & @S6LsM Workstations to be arranged so that work is done safel) & comfortabl) Workstations to be arranged to allow safe e-acuation in cases of emergenc) Work surface should be at comfortable height to the worker1 a-oid bending & stretching Workers should not stand for prolonged periods on solid floor. 4efer to control measures of 6S'
HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS
Slip&! 6ue to reduced friction between feet & walking surface1 wet or dusty floors( s%ill( ice( Trip&! loss of balance if foot is stopped suddenl) while bod) continues in motion1 loose car%ets( floor holes.
HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS
Fall& ,ro+ a Hei *t! 2AT of all reported *ob fatalities is caused b) falling from a height1 roof( ladder( scaffold( floor o%enings( unguarded %latforms o&er ) meters feet high* etc. Colli&ion 'it* +o(in (e*icle&! Happens either inside the workplace or on the access road around it during commute1 %oor lighting( o&er s%eeding of &ehicles( no clear se%aration between %edestrians & &ehicles( lack of warning signs & barriers* etc.
HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS
Bein &truc. :0 +o(in ) ,allin or ,l0in o:Cect&! mo&ing %arts of machinery( flying objects are often generated by the disintegration of mo&ing %arts( falling objects are common in construction sites* etc. Stri.in a ain&t ,i/ed or &tationar0 o:Cect&! colliding against a part of a building, opened drawer, l)ing ob*ect on the floorN etc.
Hou&e.eepin
Ha-ar'( J Someone ould trip or fall J In reased risk of fire J 1ire e.its ould be blo ked J 2here is a risk of infe tion J (hemi als are being used J Infestation 3that allo$s breeding of rats4 o kroa hes4 et 5 J 6ehi le (ollisions J 1alling materials Precaution( J Identify housekeeping requirements J #esponsibilities for housekeeping J #esour es for good housekeeping J 2rain staff in use of equipment J #egular inspe tions
NOISE
Accepta:le 1 Unaccepta:le Le(el& o, Noi&e! These '9posure action & %imit Halues are: %ower '9posure Action %e-el: <= d; LAM D < hours D da) "pper '9posure Action %e-el: <2 d; LAM D < hours D da) '9posure %imit Halue: <> d; LAM D < hours D da)
Outer ear
,i''le ear
Inner ear
Hearin Da+a e
Acute Stress Temporar) threshold shift Temporar) tinnitus ;last deafness C*ronic $oise induced hearing loss #ermanent threshold shift #ermanent tinnitus #reb)acusis
Noi&e Control
Source
J J J J J J J J 6esign 6amping Isolate @aintenance Screens and barriers 'nclosure Absorption Silencer
T*e Per&on
J 6istance J Time e9posed J Information and training
Pat*
orkers
#edu tion in stru ture borne noise by the use of rubber- ork4 springs et 0
La//in/
Insulation of pipes to redu e sound transmission
Screen(
' ousti s reens pla ed on the path
Hand#Ar+ ;i:ration
Healt* E,,ect&
Tingling in the hands and e9tremities $umbness and blanching of the fingers Swollen painful *oints 4eduction in manual de9terit) 4eduction in the sensation of touch Control Mea&ure& Eli+ination "educe t*e de ree o, (i:ration
Select low -ibration e:uipment Select ergonomicall) designed e:uipment @aintenance of e:uipment 4educe grip and push force with work e:uipment 4educe the time workers e9posed Introduce health sur-eillance 3lo-es and heated pads Information and training on the nature of risks
P"E;ENTI;E MEASU"E
A-oid working outdoors where possible !arr) out suitable & sufficient 4isk Assessment Hentilation s)stems Ade:uate training, information & super-ision !ontrol working en-ironment: heatingDcooling s)stems #re emplo)ment medical1 fit to work Alwa)s drink a lot of fluids Allow ade:uate acclimatiBation period 4educe time of e9posure1 *ob rotation "se proper ##'
ST"ESS
Stre&&! It is not a disease1 it is an emotional & ph)siological state of unbalance, which results when the demands of life e9ceed one0s coping capabilities
Stre&&
P*0&ical E,,ect& Headaches 6iBBiness Aching neck and shoulders Skin rashes #rone to infections #anic attacks 4aised heart rate Increased blood pressure Heart disease Stomach ulcers P&0c*olo ical e,,ect& Increased an9iet) 4educed concentration Irritabilit) Sudden mood changes Inabilit) to cope 4educed work output Increased use of alcohol, etc #oor sleep patterns
Cau&e& o, Stre&&!
Content o" the 2ob: work o-erload, work too eas), time pressure, deadlinesN etc )ork organi3ation: long working hours, shift work, non& consulted organiBational changes )orkplace culture: communication, in-ol-ement in decision making, feedback, supportN etc Environment: noise, temperature, lighting, ergonomics )ork role: conflict of interest, clarit) of role -ome4 ork inter"ace: transportation problem, childcare issues, relocation Relationships: bull)ing, harassment, -erbal & ph)sical abuse
Ill#*ealt* e,,ect& o, &tre&&! Increased irritabilit) & sleep difficulties Increased intake of drugs, cigarettes & alcohol 6igesti-e s)stem disorders !irculator) s)stem disorders e.g. high blood pressure 6ecreased immunit) & increased susceptibilit) to infection An9iet) & depression @S6 LsM, fatigue & chronic headache
Stre&& Control! Identif) stressors & Assess the risk Impro-e ergonomics & working en-ironment Interpersonal communication skills training Stress awareness & Time management & time off work if needed #ro-ide achie-able demands A-oid o-erloading the emplo)ees !onsult on organiBational change
;iolence at 'or.!
An) incident in which a person is abused, threatened, or assaulted in circumstances relating to work, whether b) other emplo)ees or others1 -erbal abuse or threats as well as ph)sical abuse.
Occupation& at ri&.
J J J J J Ta9i dri-ers Hospitals Schools !ash transactions 6eli-er)Dcollection of mone)
Control +ea&ure&
J J J J J J Training and information The en-ironment 6esign of the *ob !ommunication %one working 4eporting and recording incidents
Group& at "i&.! Cau&e&! Healthcare D social 4obber) & those care pro-iders seeking immediate 6eli-ering D collecting attention ser-ices 6issatisfaction with the Authorit) treatmentDser-ice representati-es recei-ed 'ducation pro-iders ;ull)ing & harassment Transact cash or Terrorism is now -aluables included Ticketing public transportation
Control Strate 0!
/ssess the risk( record & re&iew assessment Organizations to enforce zero tolerance &iolence %olicy /&oid using cash; use credit cards Means of communication$ cell %hones( alarms( radios* etc hysical barriers e.g. fences( bullet %roof booths for ticketing 0se close circuit tele&ision cameras ##+1 Strict security measures e.g. ,2( finger %rint access( no &isitors* etc /&oid lone working & night working ro&ide ade3uate training & information; negotiation skills( stress management* etc .e%ort( in&estigate & record all incidents of aggression
Control Strate 0!
Assess the risk & the siBe of the problem Ha-e a Substance Abuse #olic) in place #ro-ide information & raise the awareness 4emo-e work stressors & pro-ide stress management ffer help for emplo)ees who ha-e drinking problems @aintain confidentialit) of cases with alcohol or drug problems Screening tests1 pre emplo)ment & after incidents 5ever use controlled or uncontrolled medication without the doctors permission Lsome o-er the counter medication causes drowsinessM Implement disciplinar) actions 4eport, record & in-estigate cases of alcoholDdrug abuse without disclosing an) personal information LconfidentialM
NIGHT#SHIFT <O"%ING When considering night shift working the factors that need to be considered are: %ighting, heating, welfare & first&aid pro-ision The effects of fatigue & the increased likelihood of human error The number hours worked & the period allowed for reco-er) between shifts 3eneral well&being when normal routines are disrupted The le-el of super-ision pro-ided & access to specialist ad-ice if re:uired The possible increased risk of -iolent assault on the wa) to & from work
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