F-1

Welding (chap, 5)
Structural
Connections
Fasteners
Bolts
Non-Structural
(A-307)
Structural
A35
A!!"
A!"0
#i$ets (o%solete)

F-2
Bolt
&ead
Shan'
(hreaded
Section

F-3
(he A)SC speci*ications recogni+e t,o t-pes o* high-strength %olted connection.-
A) Bearing Type Connection:-
Where connected parts are allo,ed to
%ear directl- on the %olt shan'/ &ence %oth shear
strength and %earing strength need to %e
chec'ed/
B) Slip-Critical Type Connection (formerly
known as friction-type connection):-
Where connected parts are not allo,ed to
slip, and shear *orces are trans0itted %- *riction
*orces rather than direct shear/ (his connection
re1uires high pre-tensioning *orce o* %olts upto
their 2proo* load3 ,hich e1uals 704 o* tensile
strength/

F-4
When slip resistance is re1uired, the pre-
tensioning o* %olts should as high as their
25roo* 6oad3, ,hich is e1ui$alent to the
-ielding stress o* the %olts 0aterial as
o%taining %- the 0/4 2o**set 0ethod3 or the
0/54 2e7tension 0ethod3/ (he proo* load
stress is a 0ini0u0 o* 704 and 804 o* the
0ini0u0 tensile strength o* A-35 %olts, and
the A-!"0 %olts respecti$el-/
(he proo* load can %e achie$ed %- using the
turn-o*-nut 0ethod, ,hich is 9 turn o* nut *ro0
the 2snug-*it3 position/ :ther,ise a 2cali%rated
,rench3 0ust %e used to achie$e the proo*
load *or %olts/

F-5
(70 % F

)
(70 % F

)
(!0 % F

)

F-6
(he 0ost t-pical t-pes o* %olted connections are sho,n %elo,.-
)n shear connection, threads could %e.-
A) )n the shearing plane (N), or
B) :utside the shearing plane (;)/
5
5
2(hread outside3 (;)
6ap <oint
(single shear)
Butt <oint
(dou%le shear)
(a) Shear Connections
(%) =ccentric shear
Connection/
W section
Structural tee
(c) (ension Connections
(d) Combined shear and tension connections
5
5
2(hread inside3 (N)

F-7
(here are se$eral 2li0it-
states3 or *ailure 0odes that
0a- control the strength
o* a %olted connection/
As can %e seen *ro0 the
a%o$e *igure, three *ailure
0odes (%, d > g) are rele$ant
to the connected plates and
not rele$ant to the *asteners/

F-8
(he no0inal tensile strength o* a %olt (#
n
) can %e *ound as.
Where
F
u
b
? (ensile strength o* the %olt 0aterial/
A
n
? Bolt net area through threaded +one"/
(his net area 0/75 to 0/7" o* the %olt gross
area A
%
(area o* the shan')/
(hus.
2
9743 0
785 0
,
_

+
n
d
b
/
/
Where, d
%
? dia/ o* %olt (shan')
n ? nu0%er o* threads per inch/
Note. (ensile strength $alues F
u
%
are gi$en in 6#F@
ta%le <3/ page (AB/A)-A0!/
n
b
u n
A F R
( )
b
b
u n
A F R 75 0/
(hread cross section area
C

F-9
(he no0inal-shear strength *or one *astener (#
n
) ,ill %e
#
n
$ m A
%

Where,
? (A) *or single shear
0 ? nu0%er o* shear planes
? () *or dou%le shear
A
%
? Bolt gross area/

u
? Dlti0ate shear strength *or the %olt 0aterial,
*ound e7peri0entall- to %e around (0/B F
u
%
) o* the
ulti0ate tensile strength (F
u
%
)/
(hus.
#
n
$ m A
%
(0&'( F

%
)

F-10
(he %earing *ailure near the edge o* the plate is related to the
shear *ailure (tear-out) as sho,n in *igure !/B/! % > d (page F-7)/
Assu0ing angle () 0 as sho,n in *igure !/B/5 %elo,.
( )
p
u
d
e n
L t R
2
2
Where

u
p
? Shear strength o* plate 0aterial ? 0/B F
u
F
u
? Dlti0ate tensile strength o* plate 0aterial/
6
e
? @istance *ro0 center o* last %olt to the edge
o* plate along direction o* *orce/
d ? No0inal Bolt dia0eter/
1
]
1

2
1
24 1
d
L
dt F R
e
u n
/

F-11
(hus.
Since 6#F@ reco00ends spacing o* %olts in
the direction o* *orce to %e (/B7 d) E Fsee
6#F@ < E 3/3G/ Consider (6
e
/B7 d) a%o$e.
(he lo,er resistance $alue guarantees that no tear-out
due to %earing shall occur %elo, this (#
n
) $alue, and no
@e*or0ation at the hole shall occur at ser$ice load le$el/
(A)SC <3-A0 5ageAB/A-AAA)
" #
n
$ (&) F

*t
or
" #
n
$ +&0 F

*t
(When de*or0ation o* the hole at ser$ice
load is a design consideration)/ (=1 <3-Ba)
(When de*or0ation o* the hole at ser$ice
load is not a design consideration)/ (=1 <3-B%)

F-12
(1) Threads are included in shear plane (N)
(2) Threads are excluded from shear plane (X)
)n general.

n
#
n
H
i
I
i

Where, #
n
? No0inal resistance (strength)

n
? Strength reduction *actor (resistance *actor)

i
I
i
? Factored load on structure (ASC= E 7)
*or a single %olt .
#
n
5
u
Where,

u
? 0/75 *or *racture in tension, shear or %earing/
#
n
? No0inal strength o* one *astener
5
u
? *actored load on one *astener
(he strength o* a *astener is %ased on.
A- (ension capacit-
- Shear capacit-
3- Bearing capacit-

F-13
( ) ) 75 . 0 ( 75 . 0 75 . 0
b
b
u b
b
u n
A F A F R
b
b
u n
A F R ) / ( / 75 0 75 0
#e*erence is 0ade to (6#F@) E < 3/B), and page (F-8).
or
Where
? 0/75 as stipulated in A)SC <3/B (page AB/A-A08)
b
u
F ? (ensile strength o* %olt 0aterial
(A0 'si *or A E 35 Bolts > A50 'si *or A E !"0 Bolts)/
A
%
? Jross area o* the %olt (Shan' section)/

F-14
A No threads in shear plane (X):- A No threads in shear plane (X):-
#
n
? 0/75 (#
n
) (A)SC <3-B)
#
n
? 0/B0 A
%
F
u
%
(page F-")
For long Connections (upto 50 inch long), a 04 reduction is needed
(strength o* long connection K H o* strength o* indi$idual %olts)/
(hus.-
#
n
? (#eduction due connection length)(0/B F
u
%
)0 A
%
? 0/8 7 0/B F
u
%
/ 0 A
%
? 0/5 F
u
%
0 A
%
#
n
? (0/75)(0/5) F
u
%
0 A
%
Where, F
u
%
? Dlti0ate strength o* %olt 0aterial.
A0 'si *or A E 35 L A50 'si *or A E !"0
0 ? A *or single shear , *or dou%le shear
A
%
? Area o* the shan' portion o* %olt
(See ,#F- . +&' / ta%le . +&()

F-15
B - Threads in Shear Plane (N):- B - Threads in Shear Plane (N):-
(he area o* the threaded section o* the %olt is a%out 754
o* the gross area at the shan' section,
(hus.
#
n
? F#eduction *or lengthG (0/B F
u
%
) 0 (0/75 A
%
)
? (0/8)(0/B F
u
%
) 0 (0/75 A
%
)
? 0/37 F
u
%
0 A
%
(0/!0 F
u
%
) 0 A
%
&ence.
#
n
? 0/75 (0/! F
u
%
) 0 A
%
(see Ta%le .-+&()

F-16
No0inal %earing strength (#
n
) ,as de$eloped earlier (page F-AA)/
&o,e$er 6#F@-<3/A0 *urther reduces (#
n
) in order to pre$ent %olt
elongations e7ceeding 0/5 in/
&ence se$eral categories are presented here %elo,.
1: Deforation !iit State (Standard "oles):- 1: Deforation !iit State (Standard "oles):-
Where 6
e
A/5 d and cMc spacing 3d, and there are t,o or 0ore %olts.
#
n
$ ((&) *t F

) NNNN//(=1u// <3-Ba)
? 0/75
d ? No0inal dia0eter o* %olt at shan' section/
t ? (hic'ness o* the least connected plate/
F
u
? Dlti0ate tensile strength o* the connected plate/

F-17
#: Deforation !iit State (!on$-Slotted "oles): #: Deforation !iit State (!on$-Slotted "oles):
Sa0e as pre$ious conditions/
#
n
$ ((&0 *t F

)0 (=1u/ < Bc)

Where ? 0/75 ///////// (A)SC - <3 E A0 5age AB-A-AAA)
%: Stren$th !iit State (hole elon$ation %: Stren$th !iit State (hole elon$ation &'#( in'): &'#( in'):
#
n
$ (+&0 *t F

) NN/ (=1u/ <3 E B%)

See page (F-AA) o* these notes/

F-18
A) )iniu Spa*in$ Bolts alon$ line of For*e: A) )iniu Spa*in$ Bolts alon$ line of For*e:
(&'7 * s +* (A)SC <3/3)
,here,
s ? spacing o* %olt along *orce line/
d ? dia0eter o* %olts-shan' section
B) )iniu +d$e Distan*e alon$ !ine of for*e: B) )iniu +d$e Distan*e alon$ !ine of for*e:
Nor0all- 0in/ edge distance (rolled edge)
Nor0all- 0in/ edge distance (sheared edge)
Where d ? No0inal dia0eter o* the %olt/
(#e*erence ta%le <3-! page AB/A E A07)
d
4
1
1
d
4
3
1

F-19
,) )a-iu spa*in$ for Bolts: ,) )a-iu spa*in$ for Bolts:
*or 5ainted 0e0%ers.
s ()t %t 1( in&
*or unpainted 0e0%ers.
s 1)t %t 7 in&
t ? thic'ness o* the thinner connected plates/
D) )a-iu +d$e Distan*e: D) )a-iu +d$e Distan*e:
0a7/ edge distance ? A t %ut O B2 ///
(A)SC < 3/5 5age AB/A E A0B)
t ? thic'ness o* the thinner connected plates/
#e*erence. A)SC < 3/5/
(A)SC page AB/A E A08)

F-20
Example F-1 Example F-1
@eter0ine the re1uired nu0%er o* P in/ dia/
A!"0 %olts *or the connection %elo,/
Assu0ing @6 ? A! 'ips, 66 ? AB 'ips.
Solution:- Solution:-
a) Calculate the *actored load.
(
u
? A/ @6 Q A/B 66
? A/ A! Q A/B AB ? A8 'ips/
%) @esign strength #
n
per %olt.
#
n
? 0/75 F
u
%
(0/75 A
%
)
? 0/75 AA3 0/!!A8 (A)SC (a%le < 3/)
? 37/3 'ips/
c) Nu0%er o* %olts re1uired.
(sa- B %olts)
use B E P in A !"0 %olts/
5/8
37/3
A8
#
(
n
n
u

F-21
Example F-2 Example F-2
Co0pute the tensile *actored load capacit- *or the %earing t-pe connection
sho,n %elo,, Assu0e (A-57 Jrade 50) steel plates, ,ith (7M83) dia0eter
A-35 %olts in standard holes.
A) Bolt threads are e7cluded *ro0 shear plane (;)/
B) Bolt threads are included *ro0 shear plane (N)/
Solution:- Solution:-
Chec' 5late Capacit-.
( ) [ ]
( )/ Connected Full- in/ s1/ / A A
in/ s1/ / / A
in/ s1/ / /
n e
n
5 2
5 2 625 0 2 6
75 3 625 0 6
8
1
8
7

+

U
A
g
(ension Re0%er Bearing-(-pe Connection-6F#@
(
n
? 0/"0 50 3/75 ? AB" 'ips/
or
(
n
? 0/75 B5 /50 ? A 'ips/ (controls)

F-22
A) Strength o* A-35-; %olts. Strength o* A-35-; %olts.
Shear.
#
n
? (0/5 F
u
%
) 0 A
%
? 0/75 0/5 A0 A 0/B0A3
? 7/A 'ips per %olt/
Bearing.
Since 6
e
S A/5d and spacing S T 3d, the %earing strength o* a %olt is.
#
n
? (/! F
u
dt)
? 0/75 /! B5 0/875 0/B5
? B! 'ips per %olt/
(hus shear controls, the capacit- o* the connection.
(
n
? ! 7/A ? A08 'ips K A 'ips
So, Connection capacit- ? A08 'ips/

F-23
B) Strength o* A-35-N %olts. Strength o* A-35-N %olts.
Shear.
#
n
$ (0&) F

%
) m A
%
? 0/75 0/! A0 A 0/B0A3
? A/B 'ips per %olt/
No need to chec' %earing again, Since
Shear ,ill control.
T
n
? ! A/B ? 8B/! 'ips
(otal Connection capacit- ? 8B/! 'ips

F-24
Example F-3 Example F-3
@eter0ine the nu0%er and spacing o* (P in/) dia/ (A-!"0-N) %olts
re1uired to de$elop the *ull strength o* the A-57 Jrade B5 plates sho,n
%elo,/ Assu0e dou%le ro,s o* %olts ,ith standard holes2
Solution:- Solution:-
Consider 0iddle plate.
( ) [ ] in/ s1/ A/5" 0/375 B A
8
A
!
3
n
+
A
e
? A
n
? A/5" s1/ in/ (,ell connected)/
0a7/ A
n
? 0/85 A
g
? 0/85 B 0/375 ? A/"A s1/ in/
(
n
? F
-
A
g
? 0/"0 B5 B 0/375 ? A3 'ips/
or
(
n
? F
u
A
e
? 0/75 80 A/5" ? "B 'ips/ (controls)
(check T-16 of these notes)

F-25
Bolt shear capacit- *or P in/ A-!"0-N %olt.
#
n
? (0/! F
u
%
) 0 A
%
? 0/75 0/! A50 0/!!A8
? 3"/8 'ips per %olt/ (controls)
Bearing Strength on the 3M8 in/ plate.
#
n
? (/! F
u
dt)
? 0/75 /! 80 0/75 0/375
? !0/5 'ips per %olt/
Nu0%er o* %olts ? ?/! %olts/
Dse !-P in/ (A-!"0-N) %olts/ With.
=nd distance 0ust %e at least
and spacing o* %olts
3"/8
"B
/ 3d
!
A
in
/
!
A
in 1

F-26
Example F-4 Example F-4
@esign the connection %elo, to de$elop the *ull strength o* dou%le
angles (%ac'-to-%ac'), using t,o lines o* (P in/) dia/ (A-35-N) %olts
in the %earing t-pe connection o* 6
s
B ! (A-3B) 0aterial 2
8
3
Q
Q
5
u
(A-3B Steel)
Nu0%er o* %olts
(o %e deter0ined/
Jusset 5late
( 92 (hic') E (A-3B)
6
s
B 7 ! 7 3M8
92

F-27
D ? 0/80 (assu0ing ! %olts or 0ore in one ro,)
A
e
? D A
n
? 0/80 /"5 ? /3B s1/ in/
? 0/" 3/BA 3B ? AA7 'ips/
Angle Capacit- (5
u
)
? 0/75 /3B 58 ? A0/7 'ips/ (controls)
(5
u
) *or t,o angles ? 05/! 'ips/
Solution:- Solution:-
For a single angle.
A
g
? 3/BA s1/ in/
( ) [ ] in/ s1/ /"5 7 3/BA A
8
3
8
A
!
3
n
+

F-28
Shearing capacit- each %olt ?
( ) (cotrols) 'ips/ / / / 8 31 2 120 4 0 75 0
2
4
3
4


Bearing capacit- each %olt ? 0/75 /! 0/75 9 58 ? 3"/ 'ips
(Jusset plate 0ore critical)
#e1uired No/ o* %olts
Dse 8 %olts (Four in line)/ Dse spacing as sho,n %elo,.
%olts B/!5
3A/8
05/!

U
U
9
AU
A9
U U
B3
!3
x
/e-,he*0:
*ro0 6 data.
used / /
/ /
/ /
/
/
8 0 86 0
1 1
75 6 2 2 2
933 0
75 9
933 0
4
1
4
1
4
1
>

+ +

L
x
U
in L
in x
&igher $alue o* (D) is al,a-s on the sa*e side/

F-29
)n slip-critical t-pe connection (page F-3), plates are not allo,ed to
slip against each other, hence there is no practical shearing or
%earing contact %et,een the %olts and the Voining plates (or shapes)/
(his necessities the need *or high 1ualit- control o$er the %olt
tension (proo* load)/
(he 0ain per*or0ance criteria o* the slip-critical t-pe connection is
that no slippage o* the connected parts should occur at the ser$ice
load le$el at the structure/
&o,e$er, to 0a'e the design o* the slip-critical t-pe connection
co0pati%le ,ith the design o* the %earing t-pe connection, A)SC
stipulates the design o* slip-critical connection at the *actored load
le$el o* the connected ele0ents, as *ollo,s.-

F-30
#
n
$ -

3
sc
T
%
4
s
(A)SC < 3/8) (5age AB/A E A0")
where:
? A/0 *or connections ,hich resist slip at the ser$ice load le$el/
#
n
? No0inal slip resistance o* a (sc) %olt in 'ips/
? Friction coe**icient *or class A > B sur*aces.
? 0/35 *or class (A) sur*ace (clean 0ill scale)/
? 0/50 *or class (B) sur*ace (%last clean sur*ace)/
@
u
? A/A3 a statistical *actor related to %olt pretension/
&
sc
? &ole *actorh
sc
?

A/0 *or standard holes/
h
sc
? 0/85 *or :$ersi+ed holes/
h
sc
? 0/70 *or long-slotted holes/
N
s
? Nu0%er o* slip planes (A or ) as (0) %e*ore/
(
%
? Rini0u0 *asteners tension in 'ips/ ((a%le <3/A)/

F-31
56ample F -7 56ample F -7
(he connection sho,n %elo, uses (P inch) A
35 SC %olts/ No slippage is per0itted/ All
connected 0e0%ers are (A-3B) steel/ @eter0ine
strength capacit- o* this connection ((
u
)
Soltion :- Soltion :-
=$en the connection is speci*ied as slip-
critical connection, the direct shear and
%earing capacit- 0ust %e chec'ed (in the
e$ent o* accidental slippage)/
(
u
A/53
A/53
33
A/53
A/53
33
(a)
Plate Gusset
8
3

B 7 9

F-32
(u *or *our %olts ? A5/"0 ! ? B3/B 'ips/
) Bearing Capacit- o* (A35N) %olts/
Since the gusset plate is thinner (3M83 K 93), )t ,ill control %earing .
#
n
? (/! d t F
u
)
58 7
8
3
7
!
3
7 /! 7 0/75
? "/3B 'ips
Bearing *or *our %olts . #
n
? !7"/3B ? AA7/!5 'its
A) Shear capacit- o* %olts (A-35 N).
4418 . 0 48 75 . 0 F R
v n

b
A
? A5/"0 'ips per %olt/

F-33
3) Slip-Critical Connection.-
#
n
? @
u
h
sc
(
%
N
s
,here,
? A/0
? 0/35 assu0e class (A) sur*ace/
@
u
? A/A3
h
sc
? A/0 standard holes
(
%
? 8 'ips ((a%le < 3/A)
((a%le AB/A E A03)
N
s
A slip plane/
#
n
? A 0/35 A/A3 A 8 A ? AA/A 'ips per %olt
For *our %olts (
u
? ! AA/A ? !!/! 'ips/

F-34
!) (ension on the plate .-
( ) [ ]
in/ s1/ /A5 /A5 7 A DA A
in/ s1/ /A5 7 !/5 A
in !/5 B W
in s1, 3 B7 A
n e

A
n
n

A
g


+

8
1
4
3
Ra7i0u0 Capacit- (
u
? !!/! 'ips/
0/" F
-
A
g
#
n
?
0/75 F
u
A
e
(controls)
'ips "/! /A5 7 58 7 0/75 #
or
'ips "7/ 3 7 3B 7 0/" #
n
n

F-35
56ample F-': 56ample F-':
A A3-*oot-long tension 0e0%er and its
connection 0ust %e designed *or a ser$ice
dead load o* 8 'ips and a ser$ice li$e load o*
'ips/ No slip o* the connection
is per0itted/ (he connection ,ill %e to a 3M8-
inch-thic' gusset plate, as sho,n/ Dse a
single angle *or the tension 0e0%er/ Dse
A35 SC %olts and A57 Jrade 50 steel *or
%oth the tension 0e0%er and the gusset
plate/
@ ? 8 'ips
6 ? 'ips
8
3
t
A 35 SC %olts
A57 Jrade 50 steel
Jusset plate
Angle
(A 57 E Jr 50)

F-36
(he *actored load to %e resisted is
5
u
? A/@ Q A/B6 ? A/(8) Q A/B() ? !!/8 'ips
Because the %olt si+e and la-out ,ill a**ect the net area o* the tension 0e0%er, ,e ,ill
%egin ,ith selection o* the %olts/ (he strateg- ,ill %e to select a %olt si+e *or trial,
deter0ine the nu0%er re1uired, and then tr- a di**erent si+e i* the nu0%er is too large
or too s0all/ Bolt dia0eter t-picall- range *ro0 9 inch to A9 inches in AM8-inch
incre0ents/
Try 78! inc3 %olts& (he no0inal %olt area is
2
2
in. 3068 . 0
4
) 8 / 5 (


g
A
(he shear strength is
#
n
? F
$
A
%
? 0/75(!8)(0/30B8)
? AA/0! 'ipsM%olt
a!!uming that the thread! are in the !hear plane"
No slip is per0itted, so this connection is slip-critical/ We ,ill assu0e class (A)
sur*aces, and *or a 5M8-inch-dia0eter A35 SC %olt, the 0ini0u0 tension is (
%
? A"
'ips (*ro0 A)SC (a%le <3/A)/
#
n
? @
u
h
sc
(
%
N
s

? A 0/35 A/A3 A A" A
? 7/5 'ips (controls)
Soltion: Soltion:

F-37
Sa- B %olts L(his can %e achie$ed in t,o ro,s, ,hich re1uires long leg *or
the angle, or select a larger si+e %olt to ha$e less nu0%er o* %olts, in order
to *it in one line/
(r- (P inch) dia0eter %olts/
kips 15.90 480.4418 75 . 0 R
in.s!. 4418 . 0
4
3
4
n
2

,
_

b
A
a!!uming thread in !hear plane a#ter !lip ha$e o%%urred"&
(he Slip-Critical %olt capacit- .
#
n
? A 0/35 A/A3 A 8 A
? AA/07 'ips/ (controls)
"#lts 9 . 5 "#lts #$ %u&"e'
5 . 7
8 . 44


F-38
%olts !/0
AA/07
!!/8
%olts /
!
3
o* No/

,
_

in
( )

-
u
A
g
in/ 0/""B
0/"(50)
!!/8
0/"F
5
A
Select *our %olts o* (P in/) dia0eter (A-35-SC)
Rini0u0 spacing 3 d ? U in/ sa- (9 in/)
Rini0u0 =dge distance ? A/5 in (assu0e sheared edge)/
Chec' (ension on Re0%er .
and the re1uired e**ecti$e net area is

u
u
e
in/ 0/"A"0
0/75(B5)
!!/8
0/75F
5
A
D
A
A
e
n

A93
A93 93 93 93

F-39
For the la-out sho,n in Figure a%o$e, ,ith *our %olts in the line o* *orce,
the $alue o* D *ro0 the A)SC ta%le E @3/A (page AB/A-") is 0/80/ (:nce
a 0e0%er has %een selected, D can %e co0puted ,ith A)SC/
(here*ore
/ in A/A5
0/80
0/"A"0
A

n

( ) ( ) t A/A5 A
AB
A
!
3

g
+ +
Assu0e t ? U in thic', (A
g
)

? A/35 in/

( ) in/ 0/5
300
A37A
300
6
r
re1/ 0in/

(controls)

F-40
angle 3 6 (r-
!
A

A

A
g
? A/!! in

T A/35 in

(:W)
r
0in
? r
+
? 0/5!! in/ T 0/5 in/ (:W)
Dse an ,ith
6ong leg connected/ Dse A35-SC %olts as sho,n/
!
A

A
3 6
4
3
4
393
93
x
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 1
4
1
16
1
4
3
0 1 0 1
92 0
919 0
92 0
5 7
607 0
1 1
in A in A
L
x
U
g n
/ / /
/
/
/
/
/
+ +

:ur selected A
g
? A/!! in

is greater then (A
g
)

(hen :W/