Environmental Pollution Control (ETZC362)

Dr. Jegatha Nambi Krishnan Department of Chemical Engineering

21st Jan. 2014
etzc362

Outlines

Learning objectives
Analysis of pollutants Control of pollutants (particulate)

2
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Air Pollution
Air pollution:
any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they can produce undesirable effects on man and environment
Gases - Sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons etc. Particulate matter - smoke, dust, fumes, aerosols, Radioactive materials Air pollutant is a particular substance -Its concentration is high compared to the background value & cause adverse effects on humans, animals, plants or property. Ex. Sulphur dioxide - > 2 x 10 -4 ppm

3
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

Chapter 4: Air Pollution

Sampling and measurement of air pollutants, generally known as air quality monitoring, is an integral component of any air pollution control programme. There are two quite different situations in which the air quality measurement is undertaken.

One of these is the ambient air quality measurement where the pollutant levels in the ambient atmosphere are measured.
The second type of measurement generally deals with the pollutants emitted from a source such as smoke stack and is known as stack sampling. Stack sampling provides information on the nature and quantities of various pollutants that are emitted into the atmosphere. 4
21st Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Ambient Air Sampling

Collection of Gaseous Air Pollutants
Grab Sampling

Absorption in Liquids
Adsorption on Solids Freeze-out Sampling

Collection of Particulate Pollutants

Sedimentation (Dustfall Jar) High-volume Filtration (The Hi-vol. Sampler) Tape Sampler Impingement Electrostatic Precipitation Thermal Precipitation

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Grab Sampling Sample is collected by filling an evacuated flask or inflatable bag. Bag sampling is subject to losses caused by moisture condensation or diffusion through walls of the bag Losses can be minimized by performing analysis immediately following collection
6

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Absorption in liquids
Absorption separates desired pollutants from air either through direct solubility in absorbing medium or by chemical reaction Different devices are used which provide a high degree gas liquid contact

Most commonly used collector is impringer

7
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Sampling Methods for Particulate Pollutant

Common methods for air sampling are

Sedimentation
Filtration Impingement Electrostatic precipitation Thermal precipitation
8

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Sedimentation
Mainly used for particle dia. > 10 micron Funnel type plastic jar (20m height & 10-15m dia.) Sample is deposited over a period of one month & then dried and weighted Pollutant conc. reported as mg/cm2 Advantages: method is simple, inexpensive Disadvantages: less accurate, usually non-repeatable
9

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Filtration
mainly used for particle size < 10

micron
a known volume of air is sucked by a blower

through a fine mess filter for a period

of ~ 24 hr dust wt. is calculated from filter wt.

pollutant conc. reported as mg/m3

usually granular material used for filter make
21st Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
10
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)

ESP removes particles

(sizes 0.01<d <20 m) from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge
ESP contains a row of thin vertical wires, & large flat metal plates oriented vertically

The gas stream flows horizontally through the spaces between the wires, & then passes through the positively (+)charged plates
21st Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)

11

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)

During operation a negative voltage is applied to the wire & corona effects ionizes the gas particles
Negatively charged particle move to the grounded plates & neutralized and deposited on it ESP performance mainly depends on particle resistivity ( as resistivity efficiency particle size distribution
12

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Stack Sampling
The major problem in stack sampling is of obtaining a representative sample. If a representative sample is not obtained then the concentration and composition of the actual gas stream will be different, and serious errors would result in the analysis. The important factors in obtaining a representative sample are the selection of the sampling site and the number of sampling points required. The sampling site should be located at least eight stack or duct diameters downstream and two diameters upstream from any source of flow disturbance such as bends, fittings, or constrictions.

The gas stream in a stack is normally under turbulent flow conditions and any flow disturbance would cause non-uniform and unstable gas flow profiles and non-uniform particle concentration patterns. 13 21st Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 In some stacks, it is not always possible to ensure uniform flow, so concentration patterns and, hence, multiple samples are required to obtain a representative sample The actual sampling must be performed at a number of traverse points in the stack

Other problems associated with stack sampling are the high temperatures and high velocities of the gases encountered inside the stack
High temperature, causes difficulties in collecting the sample and require a number of additional measurements such as the moisture content, pressure, temperature, the flow rate of the gases and their compositions 14
21st Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Sampling System
Stack sampling is carried out by diverting a part of the gas stream through a sampling train of which a general arrangement is shown below.

General arrangement of sampling train

1 2 3 4 5 7 6

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Nozzle Sampling Probe Particulate collector Cooling and/or gas collector Gas flow meter Flow control valve To vacuum pump

15

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Particulate sampling Isokinetic Sampling

linear velocity of the gas entering the sampling tip is equal to that of the free gas stream at the sample point static P at nozzle tip = static P of free stream at same area (cross-section) if gas velocity (up) < fluid velocity (u), then all the particles (mostly smaller size) will not enter into the sampling tube if up> u), then more particles (mostly smaller size) will enter into the sampling tube
16

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Particulate Sampling
The common technique employed for sampling particulate-laden gas streams is the so called isokinetic technique.

Under isokinetic conditions, the static pressure at the tip of the probe must be equal to the static pressure in the free stream at the same crosssection.
This implies that when two pressures are equalized then the corresponding velocities must be equal

up = u

Isokinetic
21st Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)

17
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

When a sharp-edged probe is introduced into a single-phase fluid stream, then the flow pattern around the probe may be represented as in the case of simple pitot tube. The velocity inside the probe is zero and the pressure at the tip of the probe becomes equal to the stagnation pressure If the gas velocity (up), less than the free stream velocity (u), is maintained inside the probe, then the gas flow pattern at the tip of the probe may be represented by given figure. In this case the static pressure at the tip of the probe is greater than the free stream static pressure at the same cross section

up< u

Gas streamlines

Sub-isokinetic

Probe

18

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

If the gas velocity (up), greater than the free stream velocity (u), is maintained inside the probe, then the gas flow pattern at the tip of the probe may be represented by given figure. In this case the static pressure at the tip of the probe is less than the free stream static pressure, and too much gas will be sampled in proportion to the probe area.

Up > u

Super-isokinetic
21st Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)

19
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Isokinetic sampling can be achieved by two ways:

1. By computing the point velocity of the free stream with a pitot tube located as near to the sampling probe as possible without interfering with the free stream, and then adjusting the sampling velocity

2.

By using a null-type sampling probe

In a null type sampling probe, the static pressures measured between the inner and outer probe walls is balanced This (assumes) that the velocity within the probe is equal to the free stream velocity In practice numerous problems are encountered while trying to maintain true isokinetic conditions because a null pressure balance does not necessarily indicate a matched velocity conditions The difference in turbulence for duct and probe flow, the nozzle shape, its surface nonuniformities, possible plugging of the inner static tap by fine particles, and the location of the static holes- all these may contribute to nonisokinetic conditions

20

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Static tap

Static tap 6 holes for the measurement of static pressure of the duct stream

6 holes for the measurement of static pressure of the probe stream

21

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 stack static pressure tube

Stainless steel tubing, size dependent upon flow requirements

4 holes 1/32 dia equally spaced

3/16 nozzle static pressure tube silversoldered to tube wall 1/32 hole made by drilling through opposite wall; hole in opposite wall then closed D Beveled edge

6D Closed and rounded end D

3D

22

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Gaseous Sampling
The basic routine for obtaining a gas sample from stack emission is similar to that employed in sampling of particulate matter The sampling is much easier because it is not necessary to sample at isokinetic conditions The sample can be withdrawn from the stack at a constant rate independent of the flow rate in the stack Particulate matter must be filtered upstream of the collection system to prevent downstream line plugging as well as to minimize losses of gaseous pollutants due to reaction with particulates on cooling If moisture is present in stack gases it could get condensed in the sampling line and dissolve the gaseous constituents of interest Suction through the nozzle draws a known volume of the gas from the stack into a collection device which removes the constituent gas of interest and the remaining gas is measured with a flow meter located downstream of the collection device

Precautions for obtaining a representative sample

23

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Analysis of pollutants

Lab. analysis can be classified into two types Chemical method in which pollutant is converted into other pdt. by a chemical reac. & then analyzed it with appropriate tech. Physical method in which a physical property of the pollutant measured with appropriate tech.
analytical tech. for SO2, NOx, O3, CO, & SPM pollutant analysis are more important
24

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Analysis of SO2
Common analysis methods are:
Colorimetric (measurement of color intensity) Iodimetric (measurement of iodine solution consumption ) Turbidimetric (measurement of haziness ) Conductometric (measurement of ion conductivity)

Coulometric (measurement of electric potential diff.)

25

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Colorimetric analysis of SO2

Prepare absorbing reagent (sodium tetra-chloromercurate)

Fill the bubblers with sufficient amount absorbing reagent

Absorb SO2 from air with flow rate of ~ 2 lpm to the reagent to make a stable & nonvolatile dichlorosulphitomercurate complex Take fixed amount of dichlorosulphitomercurate complex solution & add calculated amount of formaldehyde & bleached pararosaniline reagent Measure absorbance of the solution by spectrophotometer at 540 nm wavelength compare with standard calibration chart & find SO2 conc. 26

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Colorimetric analysis of nitrogen oxides

NO2 is passed through salphanilic acid solution to form a azo dye Then it is coupled with N-(1-naphtyl) dihydrochloride to form a pink colored complex ethylenediamine

Measured absorbance of the colored complex by spectrophotometer at 550 nm wavelength Compare with standard calibration chart & find NO2 conc. For analysis of NOx, phenoldisulphonoic acid method is used

NOx is passed through a solution of H2O2 & H2SO4 mixture

Then it is treated with phenoldisulphonoic acid & followed by NH4OH to get yellow compound & then measure the color intensity 27

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Analysis of CO
Non-dispersive infrared absorption method NDIR analyzer contains Sample cell (continuously flush with CO containing sample gas) Reference Cell (filled with non absorbing gas like N2) Detector cell (consist of 2 apartment & filled with CO) Recorder Two IR sources
28

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Non-dispersive infrared absorption method

During operation both cell get exposer to IR by rotating chopper ref. cell passes all IR energy to detector cell sample cell absorb some IR energy due to CO detector pref side > psample side due to more expansion of CO in ref. side leads distension of diaphragm towards sample side Mechanical movement of diaphragm converted to electrical signal & recorded in recorder & compare with std. calibration
21st Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)

29

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Non-dispersive infrared absorption method

30

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Analysis of Oxidant & O3 , HC and SPM

Total oxidants (Oxidant & O3) are determined by neutral phosphate-buffered KI colorimetric technique HCs are mainly determined by flame ionization technique
SPMs are mainly determined by opacity measurement using Ringelmann scale or by mass measurement
31

21st Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus