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Water is the most abundant substance on earth. Like any other substances, water has its own unique characteristics.
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
a. colourless,
b. odourless and c. tasteless.
Freezing point of water is the temperature at which water freezes into ice.
At 0 oC, the forces of attraction are so great that the water particles are held in fixed positions.
Boiling point of water is the temperature at which water boils and becomes steam.
When the temperature rises, the water particles move faster and further apart.
At 100 oC, water particles move so fast that they overcome the forces of attraction and leave the liquids surface.
Waterbecomessteam!
5. Water conducts heat slowly. Water is a poor thermal conductor. 6. Water is also a poor electrical conductor. 7. The density of water varies with temperature. Pure water has the maximum density of 1 g per cm3 at 4 oC.
B. Effects of Impurities on the Physical Characteristics of Water 1. Impurities in water can change the physical characteristics of water. Sometimes the change is noticeable and sometimes it is not.
Purewaterfreezesat0Cbutseawaterfreezesatalower temperature.
o
Boilingpoint
Purewaterboilsat100Cbutseawaterboilsatahighertemperature.
Composition of Water
Hydrogen
Oxygen
A method to break down a compound by passing an electric current through its liquid or solution
3. The volume of hydrogen released is always twice the volume of oxygen released.
4.
Oxygen atom
Hydrogen atoms
Each water molecule consists of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen.
H2O
H Represents the hydrogen atom 2 Shows that there are two atoms of hydrogen O Represents the oxygen atom
Applying the principle of water evaporation In our daily life. 1. To drying clothes 2. To drying hair 3. To drying agricultural produce 4. To drying fish and prawn 5. To cooling the body 6. To producing the common salt
1. What is a solution?
A solute is the substance that dissolves. A solvent is the substance that the solute dissolves in.
2. Depending on the amount of solutes in solutions, there are three types of solutions. Solution
Dilute solution Contains a little dissolved solute Can dissolve a lot more solute
Concentrated solution Contains a lot of dissolved solute Can dissolve a little bit more solute
Saturated solution Contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute Cannot dissolve any more solute
1. What is a suspension? A suspension is a mixture containing insoluble substances. 2. There are many suspensions around us.
1. What is solubility?
The solubility of a solute is the maximum amount of solute in grams that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature. For example, the solubility of sodium chloride is 38 g per 100 g of water at 20 oC. This means that you can dissolve not more than 38 g of sodium chloride in 100 g of water at 20 oC.
Example:
Only a little iodine can dissolve in water. Iodine can dissolve very well in alcohol.
1. What are the factors affecting the rate of dissolving a solute? a. Temperature
b. Rate of stirring c. Size of solute particles
i. Temperature
The higher the temperature of the solvent, the higher the rate of dissolving.
: We use hot water to make tea. One reason for this is that hot water increases the rate of dissolving of certain substances in the tea leaves.
: The faster you stir the soup, the faster the salt dissolves in it.
Smaller pieces of palm sugar can dissolve in water faster than a big piece of it.
Water is a good solvent. Almost everything can dissolve in it to produce solutions. Therefore, water is also known as the universal solvent.
Water dissolves various substances. This enables us to use water in cooking and making drinks.
Water is used extensively in food industry as a solvent. Water is used to prepare traditional and modern liquid medicines. Farmers use water to dissolve pesticides. Water is needed in plants to transport food and dissolved minerals.
Some substances cannot dissolve in water but they can dissolve in organic solvents.
Alcohol
To produce various types of ink To prepare iodine solution (as an antiseptic) To produce perfume
Turpentine
Acetone
1.
An acid is a substance that has a hydrogen atom, which can be replaced by a metal or ammonium. Acid can be divided into two groups and differences are shown below
2.
ACID Organic acid Example Acetic acid Formic acid Lactic acid Malic acid Citric acid Tannic acid Tartaric acid Inorganic acid
3.An acid exist in three state which are a. solid tartaric acid b. liquid ethanoic acid c. gas hydrogen chloric 4. The properties of acids a. Taste sour b. Are corrosive c. Change blue litmus paper to red d. Have pH values of less than 7 e. React with carbonates to release carbon dioxide and form salt and water
acid + cabonates salt + water + carbon dioxide
f.
acid + alkali
salt + water
1.
2.
Example: potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide solutions.
12 3
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Alkalinity increases
Neutralisation
Neutralization is a process where
acid
alkali
salt
water
Note:
Where acid reacts with alkali, salt and water are formed. Different kinds of acids and alkalis will form different types of salt.
From Ocean
Salty Not suitable for human consumption
a. Most pure b. Has very little dissolved substances and a little dust
a. Not clean b. Has a lot of dissolved substances and dirt such as microorganisms and silt
Usage of Water
Usage of Water
METHOD OF PURIFICATION
Chlorination
Chlorine solution
Filtration
Pebbles
Gravel
filtrate
Boiling
filtrate
Distillation
Water out
Distilled water
1. Water from natural sources have various impurities such as microorganisms, dissolved gases, mineral salts and silt. 2. Water from natural sources must be purified so that it save to drink and use.
Waterpurificationmethod
advantage
Waterisclear
disadvantage
Waterstillhas
a. Filtration
Onlyremoves
Water is free from all suspended substances, microorganisms and dissolved substances.
Water does not make good drinking because it does not contain dissolved mineral with our body need.
WATER TREATMENT PLANT 1. Refer to your text book pg. 36 and draw figure 5.34