THE INPUT UNIT

• Used to accept data and

Instructions from the User.
• This work is done with the help of
Input Devices.
 KEYBOARD
• It is used to write letters, digits and commands.
• Each key when pressed sends a digital code to the
computer.
• The keys on computer keyboards are often classified
as follows:
alphanumeric keys -- letters and numbers
punctuation keys -- comma, period, semicolon, and so on.
special keys -- function keys, control keys, arrow keys,
Caps Lock key, and so on.
 • It is a pointing device
with a roller on its
base.
• It controls the
MOUSE movement of
POINTER on the
screen.
• It contains two or
three buttons and it
may or may not have a
wheel.
• It is used to
play computer
games. Joystick
• Used to Input
directional
data but
unlike mouse
it works only
in left, right,
up and down
directions.
 Scanner

• It creates the Electronic form of a

printed image by shining light on to
the image and sensing the intensity
of reflection at every point.

• There are 3 types of Scanners:

Hand-Held, Flatbed and Drum
scanners.
 Hand-held scanner

• These are small and can be held

in a hand.

• Multiple passes are required to

scan an image.
• They have a flat Flatbed
surface, on which
the printed image
Scanner
to be scanned, is
placed.

• They can scan a

page in a single
pass.
 Drum Scanners

• The sheet is fed

through the
scanners so that
the drum rolls
over the entire
sheet to be
scanned.

• Medium sized.
Magnetic
Ink
Character
Reader
MICR is used to MICR
read the
characters printed
using Magnetic ink
(ink containing
Iron oxide) by
magnetizing the
ink and examining
the characters.
 Light Pen
• It is a pointing
device.
• It consists of a
photocell mounted
in a pen shaped
tube.
• Clicking is
performed by
pressing the pen
on screen.
Bar Code Readers
• It emits a beam of
light which reflects
off the bar code
image.

• A light sensitive
detector in the bar
code reader then
identifies the bar
code image.
MICROPHONE

• It is used to send sound input .

• It converts the sound received
into computer’s format called
digital sound.
• It needs a special hardware
called SOUND CARD.
• The light passing
through the lens DIGITAL
of the camera is
digitized by
CAMERA
special servers
that are sensitive
to light.
• The image is
stored in camera’s
storage memory.
 PROCESSING UNIT
• Central Processing unit (CPU) is
responsible for carrying out the
processing job.
• CPU is the brain of computer.
• It does all the processing work.
• CPU has two components:
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
2. Control Unit (CU)
 Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU)
• Arithmetic operations include : +, -, *, /.
• The result of Arithmetic operations is a
number.
• Logic Operations include : >, <, >=, <=,
=, <>.
• The result of Logic Operations is either
TRUE or FALSE.
 CONTROL UNIT
• The entire processing is monitored
and controlled by CU.

• Whenever an input reaches into

memory, the CU determines what
type of instruction it is and
accordingly instructs the ALU or I/O
devices.
 Working Of CU
• Read value A (Input)
• Read value B (Input)
• If A > B then (ALU) – (If result is true)
Set C = A – B
Print C (Output)
• Otherwise (ALU) – (If result is false)
Set C = A + B
Print C (Output)
• End
 3 Factors that determine
your computer’s efficiency:-
• CPU Speed – How many instructions
are executed per second. A normal
CPU runs at 3 GHz per second i.e. 3
billion instructions are executed in a
sec.
• Memory Size – i.e. the size of RAM.
You can increase the size of RAM.
• No. of applications – Limit the
amount of applications that are
running at one time.
 OUTPUT UNIT
• The function of an Output device is to
present processed data to the user.
• MONITOR – The computer sends the
output to the monitor if the user
needs to see it.
• PRINTER – The output is send to
printer if it is needed in printed form
• SPEAKERS – The sound output is
send to the speakers.
• PLOTTERS – Graphic output is send
to plotters.
 MONITOR
• The picture on a monitor is made up
pf thousands of tiny colored dots
called pixels.
• There are two types of monitors:-
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
CATHODE RAY TUBE
(CRT)
LIQUID CRYSTAL
DISPLAY (LCD)
 PRINTERS
There are 2 categories of Printers:
• Impact Printer – There is
mechanical contact between the Print
head and paper.
• Non-Impact Printer – There is no
mechanical contact between the print
head and the paper.
 DOT MATRIX (IMPACT)
PRINTER
• The printing head
contains the
vertical array of
pins.
• As the head
moves, selected
pins fire against
the ribbon to form
a pattern of dots.
 INKJET (NON-IMPACT)
PRINTER
• The print head of
Ink jet printer
contains tiny
nozzles which
fire extremely
small droplets of
ink onto paper,
 LASER (NON-IMPACT)
PRINTER
• The powered ink is
transferred to paper
to form a text/image
pattern.
• It is then fixed by
heat and pressure.
• Similar to a
photocopier.
PLOTTERS – Flat bed and
Drum
 SPEAKERS
• Speakers receive
sound in form of
electric current
from the sound
card and then
convert it to
sound format.
 STORAGE DEVICES
• Magnetic Media:
Floppy Disks
Hard Disks
• Optical Media:
CD ROMs
DVDs
 FLOPPY DISKS
Tracks Sector

• It is made of a
flexible substance
called Mylar.
• They have a
magnetic surface
which allows the
recording of data.
• All disks must be
formatted which
means marking and
dividing the disk
into TRACKS and
SECTORS.
Hard Disks
Compact Disks (Working)