Rotary Cutting Instruments

GUIDED BY: -Dr. Mandeep Grewal -Dr. Prashant Bhasin -Dr Vijaya Dhar Presented By: Dixit Arora

 The term rotary cutting instruments refers to a group of instruments that turn on an axis to perform cutting ,abrading ,burnishing ,finishing or polishing tooth structure or a restoration. It comprises of two devices: 1)Handpiece-these are the power devices. 2)Burs or abrasives-these are the cutting tools.

Evolution Of Rotary Cutting Equipment In Dentistry

Year 1728 1871 1874 1914 1942 1947 1946-50 1953 1955 1957 1994 Instrument Hand-rotated instruments Foot engine Electric engine Dental unit Diamond cutting instruments Tungsten carbide burs Modified versions of old equipment Ball-bearing handpieces Water turbine contra-angle handpiece Air turbine contra-angle handpiece Contemporary air turbine handpiece Speed(rpm) 300 700 1,000 5,000

15,000-60,000 25,000 50,000 250,000 300,000

Handpiece Is a device for holding rotating instruments transmitting power to them ,and for positioning them intraorally. Speed Range: 1)Low Speed- below 12,000rpm 2)Medium Speed- 12,000-200,000rpm 3)High Speed- Over 200,000rpm Two Types: a)Straight Handpiece b)Contra-angle Handpiece

Straight Handpiece
The long axis of the bur is the same as the long axis of the handpiece. Frequently Used in LAB work

Contra-angle Handpiece Used in mouth Head first angled away then back towards the long axis of the Handpiece Improved access and visibility while in use. Two types: Micromoter Handpiece Airotor Handpiece

Micromotor Handpiece: Attached to electric micromotor Speed Range 500-50000 rpm Less speed higher torque Also provided with a water spray Air rotor Handpiece:
.

Connected to air water line Activated with compressed air Speed Range about 200000 rpm Higher speed Low Torque Water spray dissipates the Heat produced Also available With Fiber Optic Light for better illumination

Dental Bur
A bur is a rotary cutting instrument which has a bladed cutting head. Parts of a Bur: Shank Neck Head

Shank Fits into handpiece Accept rotary motion Provides bearing surface to control the alignment of the instrument. Types: Straight handpiece shank Latch-type angle handpiece shank Friction-grip angle handpiece shank

Straight handpiece shank Simple cylindrical Held by a metal chuck Commonly used for finishing & polishing

Latch-type shank Shorter length Posterior portion is flattened Improved access to posterior region of mouth Used in contra-angle micromotor handpiece Retained by a latch that slides into the groove found at the shank end. Used at low & medium speed for finishing procedures Potential wobble controlled by lateral pressure during cutting.

Friction-grip shank Smaller then latch type Improved access Simple cylindrical Held by friction b/w the shank & a plastic or metal chuck.

Neck Intermediate portion ,connects the head to the shank. Tapers from the shank diameter to a smaller size immediately adjacent to the head Design allows the greatest possible visibility Head Working part of the instrument ,the cutting edges or points that perform the desired shaping of tooth structure. Characteristics of head form classify rotary instrument

Stainless steel bur First material used Useful to cut dentin at slow speed Dull rapidly at higher speed which decreases cutting efficiency causing increased heat and vibration. Not effective in cutting enamel Used for removing soft carious dentin &finishing procedures.

Carbide burs
Better then steel bur at

all speed
Heads of cemented

tungsten carbide held in

matrix of cobalt & nickle Carbide is stiffer & stronger then steel , but it is also more brittle.

Shapes Refers to contour or silhouette of the head Round bur Is spherical Used for 1) initial entery into the tooth 2) Extension of the preparation 3) preparation of retention feature 4) caries removal

Inverted cone bur Rapidly tapered cone with apex toward the shank

Head length is same as the

diameter

Used for providing undercuts

in tooth preparation.

Pear shaped bur Slightly tapered cone with apex toward the shank Head end is continuously curved

or is flat with rounded corners

Length is greater then the width

Advocated for class 1 preparation

Straight fissure bur

Elongated cylinder
Advocated for amalgam preparation Slightly curved tip angles are also available

Tapered fissure bur

Slightly tapered cone with

the small end of the cone

directed away from the bur shank. Used for indirect restorations to get freedom from undercuts Also available as flat end with the tip corner slightly rounded.

Sizes The no. designating bur size also traditionally has served as a code for head design. Numbering system was originated by the S.S. White Dental manufacturing Company in 1891 for their first machine made burs.

Modification in Bur Design Reduced use of cross-cut burs as they produce unduly rough surfaces at high speed Extended head length for effective cutting with extremely high pressure Rounding of the sharp tip corners of the bur head to create rounded internal line angles in the cavity preparation.

Bur Blade Design Blades has two sides: 1)Rake Face: surface of the bur blade on the leading edge of the bur 2)Clearance Face: surface on the trailing edge Three angles: 1)Rake Angle: -b/w rake face and the radial line -Negative: rake face is ahead of radial line -Positive: rake face trails the radial line -Zero: rake face & radial line coincide with each other 2)Clearance Angle: b/w the clearance face & tooth surface 3)Edge Angle: b/w rake face & clearance face

Concentricity Measure symmetry of bur head when the bur is static Indicate whether blades are uniform or not Run out Measure maximum displacement of the bur head from its axis of rotation when bur is in motion Occurs when neck is bent head is not in line with the axis of the bur Increases the vibration Produces excessive removal of tooth str Generates more heat

Diamond Abrasive instrument Diamond abrasives held by metallic bonding on a steel blank Grater resistance to abrasion Lesser heat generation More efficient Available in various particle size: Coarse- 125-150um Medium- 88-125um Fine- 60-74um Very Fine- 38-44um

Cutting Mechanism For effective cutting bur should be used at high speed Adequate pressure must be applied so that blade digs into the tooth str Tooth str undergoes brittle & ductile fracture

Hazards with rotary cutting instrument Pulpal damage: due to mechanical vibrations or heat generation Soft tissue damage: due to lack of access, visibility, sudden reflex movement by the patient Damage to eye: due to airborne particles such as bits of old restoration, tooth debris etc Ear dangers: due to loud noise produces from handpiece Inhalation dangers: aerosols and vapours created by cutting instruments can be inhaled by the patient or dentist and can cause irritation and tissue reaction in the lungs.