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Dispersion is statistical measure which gives information about the extent of the scatteredness or variation of various items of a series from their mean value.
It gives information about the composition of series and facilitates the comparison of variability of two series. It helps in finding average variation of values of items from mean value of data It helps in determining the variability of mean.
Various statistical measures like Skewness, Kurtosis, etc. can be calculated with the help of dispersion which helps in studying further characteristics of the data.
Standard Deviation
Range and Quartile deviations measures are location devices whereas Mean deviation and Standard deviation are measures of calculation.
Range:
The difference of the largest and the smallest item of a series is Range. Range = Largest value Smallest value Coefficient of Range = (L - S) / (L + S)
PARTITION VALUES
Median divides a statistical series into two equal parts. Like Median there are other partition values which divides a series into four, ten and hundred equal parts.
Partition values dividing a series into four equal parts are known as Quartile, partition which divides series into ten equal parts are called Deciles and those divides series into hundred equal parts are known as Percentiles.
Deciles: There are nine deciles denoted by D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7,D8 and D9 The fifth decile D5 is equal to Median or Q2
Percentile: There are ninety-nine percentiles which are denoted by P1, P2, , P99
Quartile Deviation
Quartile deviation is also called semi Inter- Quartile
Range
Q.D. = (Q3 Q1) / 2 m for Q3= 3(N+1)/4 th place item in the series m for Q1= (N+1)/4 th place item in the series Q1 = L1 + (L1 + L2)/f X (m-c) Q2 = L1 + (L1 + L2)/f X (m-c) Coefficient of Q.D. = (Q3 Q1) / (Q3 + Q1)
Mean Deviation:
The Arithmetic mean of the deviations of all the values taken from some statistical average (mean, median, mode) of the series is known as Mean Deviation or Average deviation.
| D| M .D. N
For Discrete Series
fi | D | M .D. fi
Where xi are individual observations
Calculation of Mean Deviation 1. Calculate the statistical average to be used ( Mean, Mode, Median) 2. Calculate Deviation of all the values of series from average used. 3. Sum of deviation divided by N
Standard deviation
score 8 25 7 5 8 3 10 12 9 mean deviation* 9.67 - 1.67 9.67 +15.33 9.67 - 2.67 9.67 - 4.67 9.67 - 1.67 9.67 - 6.67 9.67 + .33 9.67 + 2.33 9.67 - .67 sum of squared dev= squared deviation 2.79 235.01 7.13 21.81 2.79 44.49 .11 5.43 .45 320.01
Standard Deviation = = = =
Square root(sum of squared deviations / (N-1) Square root(320.01/(9-1)) Square root(40) 6.32
of the degree to which scores in a distribution are spread out or clustered together.
Standard Deviation
median) is variance.
Standard Deviation:
The positive square root of variance is called Standard deviation
S.D.= Sqrt(Variance)
Cof . var
X (100 )
Skewness
When the median, mean and mode do not have same value in a distribution, then it is known as skewed distribution. Skewness indicate lack of symmetry. When the frequency distribution is elongated to right, it is , having a longer tail to right and is said to be positively skewed. In contrast, if distribution has a longer tail to the left, it is said to be negatively skewed.
Skewness
When we are unable to calculate mode, Coefficient of skewness = 3(Mean Median)/ S.D.
The difference between mean and mode indicates the extent of departure from symmetry.
Kurtosis