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CONVECTION HEAT

TRANSFER
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Introduction
Convection involves the transfer of heat
by the motion and mixing of
"macroscopic" portions of a fluid
This macroscopic motion is same as flow
of a fluid past a solid boundary.
The term natural convection is used if
this motion and mixing is caused by
density variations resulting from
temperature differences within the fluid.
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The term forced convection is used if this
motion and mixing is caused by an outside
force, such as a pump.

Heat transfer by convection is more difficult
to analyze than heat transfer by conduction

No single property of the heat transfer
medium, such as thermal conductivity,
can be defined to describe the mechanism.

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Heat transfer by convection varies
from situation to situation (upon the
fluid flow conditions), and it is
frequently coupled with the mode of
fluid flow.

In practice, analysis of heat transfer by
convection is treated empirically (by
direct observation).
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Convection heat transfer is treated empirically,
because of the factors that affect the stagnant
film thickness:

Fluid velocity
Fluid viscosity
Heat flux
Surface roughness
Type of flow (single-phase/two-phase)

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( )
b s
T T hA Q =
Newtons law of cooling suggests
a basic relationship for heat transfer
by convection:


h is called as Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient, W/m
2
K


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Convection involves the transfer of
heat between a surface at a given
temperature (T
s
) and fluid at a bulk
temperature (T
b
).

The exact definition of the bulk
temperature (T
b
) varies depending on
the details of the situation.
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For flow adjacent to a hot or cold surface,
T
b
is the temperature of the fluid "far"
from the surface.

For boiling or condensation, T
b
is the
saturation temperature of the fluid.

For flow in a pipe, T
b
is the average
temperature measured at a particular
cross-section of the pipe.
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Local Convection Heat Transfer
Consider convection heat transfer as a fluid passes over a
surface of arbitrary shape:
Apply Newtons law cooling to a local differential element
with length dx.
( )

> = T T T T h q
s s

' '
h is called as Local Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient, W/m
2
K
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Types of convection

Free convection
If the motion is mainly due to the density
variations associated with temperature gradients
with in the fluid called as free Convection.

Forced convection
In this the fluid motion is principally
Produced by some superimposed velocity field
(like a fan, a blower or a pump).
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This fluid layer then acts
to retard the motion of particles of next fluid layer and so on,
until a distance y = from the surface reaches, where these effects
become negligible and the fluid velocity u reaches the free stream
velocity u. as a result of frictional effects between the fluid
layers, the local fluid velocity u will vary from x =0, y = 0 to y = .

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The total heat transfer rate q is
avg S avg
A
s
T A h dA q q
s
A = =
}
' '
Where, h
avg
is the average convection heat transfer coefficient for
the entire surface.
avg
A
s
s
avg
T
dA q
A
h
s
A
=
}
' '
1
( )
}

= A
s
A
s s
s
avg
dA T T
A
T
1
where
( )
}
}

=
s
s
A
s s
A
s
avg
dA T T
dA q
h
' '
Therefore
How to Evaluate q?
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The fluid packets close to a solid wall come to thermal
equilibrium with the wall.
The fluid particles will exchange maximum possible
energy flux with the solid wall.
A Zero temperature difference exists between wall and
fluid packets at the wall.
A small layer of fluid particles close the the wall come to
Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Equilibrium With
solid wall.
Fundamentally this fluid layer is in Thermodynamic
Equilibrium with the solid wall.
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Example:
A heavy lubricating oil ( = 0.8 N.s/m
2
, k =
0.15 W/m. K) flows in the clearance between a
shaft and its bearing. If the bearing and the shaft
are kept at 10

C and 30

C respectively and the


clearance between them is 2mm,determine the
maximum temperature rise and the heat flux to
the plates for a velocity U = 6 m/s.
Example:
For the flow system in ex.7.1 calculate the
local heat transfer coefficient at x= 0.4m
and the heat transferred from the first 40
cm of the plate.

Fundamental Aspects of Convection
How to evaluate q ?
How the heat is transferred from solid to the first layer of
the fluid?
Is this a part of convection?
What is the temperature of the fluid particle, just adjacent
to the wall?
What part of the fluid domain is under pure convection
transfer?

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Concept of Solid Fluid Interaction : Maxwells Theory
Diffuse reflection
U
2
'

U'

U




U
2


'

U
1


U
1
'



U
2
'

Specular reflection
Perfectly smooth surface (ideal surface)
Real surface
The convective heat transfer is defined for a combined solid
and fluid system.
The fluid packets close to a solid wall attain a zero relative
velocity close to the solid wall : Momentum Boundary Layer.
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