Characteristics

Employed during the period 1940-1956 Used the vacuum tubes technology for calculation as

ell

as for storage and control purpose!

"he first generation of computers used machine language

or 0s and 1s!
"his generation also used magnetic tape

#dvantages
$astest computing devices of their time "hese computers

ere able to e%ecute comple% mathematical problems in an efficient manner!

&isadvantages
"he functioning of these computers depended on the machine language! "here ere generally designed as special-purpose computers! "he use of vacuum tube technology ma'e these computers very large and bul'y! "hey ere not easily transferable from one place to another due to their huge si(e and also re)uired to be placed in cool places! "hey ere single tas'ing because they could e%ecute only one program at a time! "he generated huge amount of heat and hence ere prone to hard are faults!

SECOND GENERATION

Characteristics
"ransistors

ere used in place of vacuum tubes! ere smaller in ith the first generation computers ere less prone to failure!

*econd generation computers

comparison

"hey generated less heat and

"hey too' comparatively less computational time! #ssembly language

as used for programming!

*econd generation computers had faster input+output

devices!

 ,ith the advent of second generation computers it

became necessary to tal' about computer system-since the number of memory units-processors-.+/ devices-and other system components could vary bet een different installations-even the a0same basic computer as used!

#dvantages
1!Easy to program because of the use of assembly language! 1!$astest computing devices of their time! 2!3e)uire very less po er in carrying out their operations 4!&id not re)uire maintenance at regular intervals of time!

&isadvantages
1!"he input and output media considerable e%tent! ere not improved to a 1!3e)uired to be placed in air-conditioned places! 2!"he cost of these computers ere very high and they ere beyond the reach of home users! 4!*pecial purpose computers and could e%ecute only specific applications!

&efinition
# circuit in hich all or some of the circuit elements are inseparably associated and electrically interconnected so that it is considered to be indivisible for the purposes of construction and commerce!

4ac' 5ilby6s original integrated circuit!

#dvances in integrated circuits!

#dvantages7
$astest computing devices8 9ery productive Easily transportable from one place to another because of

their small si(e

Use high-level languages Could be installed very easily and re)uired less space Can e%ecute any type of application

&isadvantages
"he storage capacity of these computers

as still very hile

small!
"he performance of these computers degraded

e%ecuting large applications- involving comple% computations because of the small storage capacity!
"he cost of these computers "hey

as very high!

ere still re)uired to be placed in air-conditioned

places!

Characteristics
"hese computers use microprocessor chips! /b:ect-/riented ;rogramming <//;= <such as 9isual

>asic- and 4#9#= hich encourages programmers to reuse code by maintaining libraries of code segments
"hese programs are designed to solve specific problems

and re)uire little special user training! "his includes ?uery @anguages and application generators

@#3AE *C#@E .B"EA3#"./B "ECCB/@/AD

9E3D @#3AE *C#@E .B"EA3#"./B "ECCB/@/AD

#dvantages7

9ery po erful in terms of their processing speed and

access time!

*torage capacity

as very large and faster!

Cighly reliable and re)uired very less maintenance! User-friendly environment! ;rograms

portable!

ritten on these computers

ere highly

9ersatile and suitable for every type of applications! 3e)uire very less po er to operate!

&isadvantages7
"he soldering of @*. and 9@*. chips on the

iring board as not an easy tas' and re)uired complicated technologies to bind these chips on the iring board! or'ing of these computers is still dependent on the instructions given by the programmer!

"he

,hat is #rtificial .ntelligenceE

Computers ith the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain!

#pplications

Fa:or >ranches of #.
;erceptive system
# system that appro%imates the

ay a human sees- hears- and

feels ob:ects

9ision system
Capture- store- and manipulate visual images and pictures

3obotics
Fechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tas's

ith

high precision

E%pert system
*tores 'no ledge and ma'es inferences

"he best computer chess programs are no ! .n Fay- 199G- an .>F super-computer called &eep >lue defeated orld chess champion Aary 5asparov in a chess match capable of beating humans!

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#ntara <112= >inti &e'a <126= Cari'a <GH1= *an'ya <GH1= 9eni &atta <116=