Photosynthesis and Respiration

Lesson Objectives
Define

photosynthesis State the word equation for photosynthesis State that enzymes are involve in photosynthesis. [Factors that will affect the enzyme action] State the presence of stomata where gaseous exchange on plants takes place.

Where does the wood come from?

An experiment carried out by Jean Baptiste van Helmont (1580-1644)

This is an extract from van Helmonts diary

I took an earthenware pot in which I put 90 kg of earth that had dried in a furnace. I moistened it with rain water and implanted in it a trunk of a willow tree weighing 3 kg. I planted it in the garden and covered the earth with an iron lid punched with many holes to allow rain water in. At length, after 5 years, the tree did weigh 76kg. I again dried the earth in the vessel and found it weighed almost 90kg. Therefore 73kg of wood, bark and roots arose out of water only.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND ENZYMES THINK-PAIR-SHARE What was the change in mass of the tree? What was the change in mass of the soil? What did van Helmont conclude from the experiment? Do you agree with his conclusion? What other explanations could there be for the results he found?

What is Photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis

is a process to produce organic food substances by using light energy and inorganic substances or some other photosynthetic pigments in the plant absorb light from the surrounding environment and the Sun. energy absorbed is used to drive the reaction.

Chlorophyll

The

General overview of Photosynthesis

During photosynthesis, green plants (1) Trap sunlight with a green pigment called chlorophyll (2) Take in carbon dioxide through tiny openings called stomata (singular: stoma) (3) Take in water from the soil through root hairs To form carbohydrates such as glucose, which is usually converted to starch.

Light energy

Chemical energy

Pictorial representation

Entrance of carbon dioxide is through the stomata of the leaf

Photosynthesis
What are involved? Chlorophyll Sunlight CO2 Water Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O
Light energy Chlorophyll

C6H12O6 + 6O2

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How do we test for the starch that plants make from glucose?
To

test for starch you add iodine solution. If starch is present the yellowish brown iodine solution changes to a blue black colour.

Pear stained with iodine solution

Photosynthesis
Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O
Light energy Chlorophyll

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Enzymes are involve in the process of photosynthesis.

Can you recall some of the factors that can affect enzyme action?

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RECALL!
What are the factors that affect enzyme action?

Temperature.

pH

Very low temperature enzymes are inactive Optimum temperature enzymes work fastest rate High temperature enzymes denature Extreme pH enzymes denature Optimum pH enzymes are active.

Lesson Objectives
Define

respiration State the word equation for respiration State the use of energy in the human body. State that enzymes are involve in respiration and the factors that will affect the enzyme action of respiration. Discuss the experiment to show respiration in living things. State the differences between photosynthesis and respiration.

Why do Living Things Respire?

energy is converted to chemical energy by the process photosynthesis and stored in glucose Respiration is the breakdown (oxidation) of food with the RELEASE of energy in living cells. Energy released is used for 1. Contraction and relaxation of muscles to bring about movement 2. Excretion of waste products from body 3. Growth and reproduction
Light

So where does respiration take place?

In our mitochondria!

Definition of Respiration
Breakdown

(oxidation) of food substances (molecules) to release energy. Carbon dioxide and water released as waste products

Where do we get the energy to do work?

FOOD DIGESTION ABSORPTION INTO BLOODSTREAM TRANSPORT TO ALL CELLS

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN ENERGY

Waste Products of Aerobic Respiration

+ CARBON DIOXIDE
+ WATER

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN ENERGY

+ CARBON DIOXIDE
Glucose is not burnt! but OXIDISED

+ WATER

This reaction is facilitated by the action of ENZYMES.

Overall equation for aerobic respiration of glucose

The process is more complicated than equation shown Respiration is carried out in series of enzyme-catalysed reactions

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN ENERGY

+ CARBON DIOXIDE
+ WATER
Is the energy required only for exercise?

What processes in our bodies require energy?

Examples of energy consuming processes in organisms

of new protoplasm for growth and repair Synthesis of proteins from amino acids Active transport in absorption of food substances by small intestines Muscular contractions (heartbeats and respiratory movements) Transmission of nerve impulses Cell division During respiration, energy is also released as heat to keep body warm
Synthesis

All living things (animals

& plants
TIME.

) carry out

respiration ALL THE

Finally, a little more exercise.

Summing Up 1. Respiration is the breakdown of food substances with the release of _______ energy in ________________ all living cells. carbon dioxide 2. ________ glucose + oxygen energy + _________ water + ________.

oxidised 4. The glucose is not burnt but _________.

Protein synthesis

Uses of the energy

Cell division

Muscle contraction

Active transport Growth and repair

Transmission of nerve impulses Production of heat

Difference between photosynthesis and respiration

Factor
Where does it take place?

Photosynthesis
In the cells containing chloroplast

Respiration
In all living cells

When does it take place?

What happens to oxygen?

Only when sunlight is available

Oxygen gas is produced

All the time

Oxygen gas is used up.

What happens to chemical energy?

Chemical energy is stored in foods

Chemical energy is released from food.

Experiments: Respiration in action!

Experiments: Respiration in action!

Jar A B Content Purpose Potassium To absorb carbon dioxide from air hydroxide solutn Lime water The limewater should remain clear to show that no more carbon dioxide from air to interfere the experimental result. When living organisms carry out respiration, they produce carbon dioxide. White precipitate is formed in limewater to show that carbon dioxide is produced by living organisms when they carry out respiration.

Living organism

Limewater

Lesson Objectives
Identify

on diagrams the structure and function of the respiratory system. Describe the structure of the alveoli and how it is adapted to its function. Explain the process of gaseous exchange between alveoli and blood capillaries using diffusion. State the difference in the compositions of inhaled and exhaled air. Discuss the differences between breathing and respiration.

Cellular Respiration
Cellular

respiration A chemical
process by which energy is released from breaking down of food in cells. glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy released

External

Respiration A physical process

by which oxygen (required for respiration) carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration are exchanged.

External Respiration
Involves

2 processes: Breathing a muscular, pumping action that takes in air from the atmosphere and moves it to the lungs Gaseous Exchange diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration between lungs and blood between blood and tissue cells
External Resp.

Respiration in human involves 3 related process

O2 CO2

1
2

Breathing

2 Transport of gases by

the circulatory system

3 Cellular respiration
O2 Capillary CO2
3

Cell

~ Breathing ~ Gaseous exchange

The chemical change that takes place in all living cells

Parts of Human Respiratory System

Lungs

which lie in the thorax (chest cavity) Protected by rib cage Ribs may be moved by intercostal muscles A sheet of muscle, the diaphragm, lies below the lungs

It separates the thorax from the abdomen

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(dome-shaped when relaxed)

In our lungs

Components of Respiratory System (cond)

nostrils and mouth pharynx (throat) larynx (voice box)

trachea (windpipe) bronchi

bronchioles air sacs (alveoli) in lungs

In our lungs

The air sacs (alveoli) are richly supplied with blood capillaries. Gaseous exchange takes place here.

Human Gas Exchange System

Human Gas Exchange System: Alveoli (air sacs)

How are the lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange?

Numerous

lungs One cell thick alveolar wall Thin film of moisture covers surface of alveolus Walls of alveoli are richly supplied with blood capillaries

alveoli in

Provides large surface area for gaseous exchange Provides short diffusion distance for gases, hence faster rate of diffusion Allows oxygen to dissolve in it Flow of blood maintains the concentration gradient of gases

Gas Exchange in the Alveoli

Occurs

by diffusion Blood entering the lungs has lower concentration of oxygen and higher concentration of carbon dioxide as compared to atmospheric air entering alveoli in lungs. Concentration gradient for oxygen and carbon dioxide is set up between blood and alveolar air Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood capillaries and carbon dioxide from blood capillaries into alveolar air

Diffusion gradient is maintained by

Continuous flow of blood through capillary. Moves the O2 rich blood away. Brings in CO2 rich blood to the alveolus Movement of air in and out of alveolus. Brings in O2 rich air. Removes CO2 from alveolus

Difference between breathing and respiration

Breathing Cellular Respiration
It is a physical It is a chemical process as no new process as new substances are substances are formed formed. Energy is not released Energy is released It takes place outside It takes place inside the cells the cells. It does not involve It involves enzymes. enzymes.

Differences in the composition of inspired air and expired air

Substance Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water vapour Temperature Inhaled air 21% 0.04% Low Exhaled air 16% 4% High

At room Close to body temperature temperature