QAB 2023 Clastic Sedimentology & Petrography

AP Dr Abdul Hadi Abd Rahman Room 16-03-29 Ext: 7039; e-mail: hadi_rahman@petronas.com.my

Three Major Types of Siliclastic Sedimentary Rocks

Conglomerates Mudrocks

Sandstones

Conglomerates & Breccias

Sandstones

Mudstones

Conglomerates

Generally repesents only a short transport distance

Cgl 1

Cgl 2 Cgl 1

Breccias Angular clasts Mud-supported

Cement-supported

Breccias Clast-supported, point-to-point contact

Mega-Breccia, Death Valley, CA

Generally repesents only a short transport distance

Cgl 1

Cgl 2 Cgl 1

Intraformational Conglomerate

Distribution of sediments across the floodplains

Fluvial Channel

Floodplain Mudstones
Channel sand Channel-lag conglomerate

Imbricate Clasts

Classification of Conglomerates An example

Sandstones

Conglomerates & Sandstones Breccias

Mudstones

Sandstones consist of Grains, Matrix, Cement, and Porosity

Three Primary sorts of Grains

Quartz Feldspars Lithic Fragments

Sandstone Maturity
Texturally and compositionally immature . Mainly unstable grains, poor sorting, angular grains.

Texturally and compositionally mature. Mainly quartz grains, well sorted, rounded grains

Goldich Reaction Series

Sandstone mineralogy related to time, climate and transport distance

IMMATURE

Lithics, Feldspars Quartz

SUBMATURE

Feldspars Quartz
SUBMATURE

Quartz Feldspars Quartz Feldspars

SUPER MATURE

MATURE

Quartz Quartz

Fluvial Channel

Floodplain Mudstones
Channel sand Channel-lag conglomerate

Sandstone Classification Systems The Pettijohn (1975) System

Quartz Arenite

Lithic Arenite

Mature/Distant/Old

Immature/Proximal/ Young

Arkose Submature/ Proximal-Distal/ Moderately old

Sandstone Classification Systems The Pettijohn (1975) System

Q
5

Quartz wacke

Graywackes

F
50

Graywackes

Sandstone Classification Systems The Pettijohn (1975) System

Mudstones/Shales
Consists of silt and clay-size minerals Quartz Phyllosilicates (a) Kaolinite 1:1 mineral (b) Smectite 2:1 mineral (c) Illite 2:1 mineral

Very fine particle size and cohesiveness of sediments results in a sheet-like appearance.

Diagrammatic Representation of Illite 4Si 6O

Various Cations, Commonly K+

6O 3Si+1Al
4O, 2(OH)

6Al
4O, 2(OH) 4Si 6O

Fluvial Channel

Floodplain Mudstones
Channel sand Channel-lag conglomerate

Distribution of Siliciclastics

Conglomerates & Arenites Arenites

Arenites & Graywackes

SUBMATURE

Graywackes & Mudstone

Provenance

Burial Lithification 1. Cementation 2. Compaction 3. Loss of Permiability 4. Loss of Porosity 5. Mineralogical Alteration

Pressure solution/cementation

Siliceous cements