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Liquid as insulators
Liquids & solids are usually 103 times denser than gases and they possess much higher dielectrics strength of the order of 107 V/cm Oil is 10 times more efficient than air as far as heat transfer capability is concerned. Liquids are expected to give dielectrics strength of the order of 100 KV/cm Liquids dielectrics acts as heat transfer agents in transformer and as arc quenching medium in circuit breakers.
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Transformer Oil
Mostly used liquid dielectrics in power appratus. Almost colourless liquid consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons which include paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthalenes and aromatics. Due to prolong subjection to heat at 95C, ageing process takes place. Due to ageing, the oil becomes darker due to formation of acids and resins or sludge. Due to sludge, heat transfer capacity is reduced.
Synthetic Hydrocarbons
Among various synthetic hydrocarbons polyolefins are used in power cables Over 55% of synthetic hydrocarbons produced world wide are polyolefins. Most used Olefins are polybutylene & alkylaromatic hydrocarbons. General characteristics are similar to mineral oils( Transformer Oil)
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Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Benzene & diphenyl (aromatic compound) are chlorinated to produce chlorinated aromatic compounds called askarels or PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyl) Possess high fire point & excellent electrical properties. Banned in recent year due to serious health hazards.
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Silicone Oils
It is an alternative to PCB but they are expensive. Even at 150 C , they posses high thermal stability , so they are used for the apparatus having higher temperature range. Silicon oils are resistant to most chemicals and are oxidation resistant. They can be used at higher temperatures than mineral oils. 8
Esters
Natural esters such as caster oil have been used as a capacitor dielectric. Currently two types of synthetic esters are being used such as organic esters & phosphate esters. Organic esters have high boiling points Good viscosity temperature relationships and are extensively used in capacitors Phosphate esters have high boiling point and low flammability and therefore are used in transformers that are to be installed in hazardous area.
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Electrical Properties are defined on the basis of the following parameters 1. Relative permittivity 2. Resistivity 3. Loss tangent (tan) or its power factor 4. Ability to withstand high electric stresses.
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Permittivity
Permittivity of most of the petroleum oils vary from 2.0 to 2.6. While those of silicone Oils from 2.0 to 73. In case of non polar liquids ,the permittivity is independents of frequency. But , in case of polar liquids ,such as water, the permittivity changes with frequency . For example ,the permittivity of water is 78 at 50 Hz and reduces to about 5.0 at 1 MHz
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Resistivity
Resistivity of insulating liquids used for high voltage applications should be more than 1016 -m . Most of the liquids in their pure state exhibits this property.
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V
Power factor is a measure of the power loss and is an important parameter in cable and capacitor systems
However , in the case of transformer , the dielectric loss in the oil is negligible when compared to copper & iron losses.
Pure and dry transformer oil will have a very low power factor varying between 10-4 at 20C and 10-3 at 90C at a frequency of 50 Hz
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Where is the surface tension of the liquid 1 is the permittivity of the liquid 2 is the permittivity of the gas bubble r is the initial radius of the bubble assumed as a sphere Vb is the voltage drop in the bubble (corresponding to minimum on Pachens Curve)
From this equation ,it can be seen that the breakdown strength depends on the initial size of the bubble ,which in turn is influenced by the hydrostatic pressure and temperature of the liquid,
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