Sunteți pe pagina 1din 27

Conduction & Breakdown in Liquid Dielectrics

Liquid as insulators
Liquids & solids are usually 103 times denser than gases and they possess much higher dielectrics strength of the order of 107 V/cm Oil is 10 times more efficient than air as far as heat transfer capability is concerned. Liquids are expected to give dielectrics strength of the order of 100 KV/cm Liquids dielectrics acts as heat transfer agents in transformer and as arc quenching medium in circuit breakers.
1

Conduction & Breakdown in Liquid Dielectrics


Liquid as insulators Transformer oil , synthetic hydrocarbons & halogenated hydrocarbons are used for certain applications. For very high temperature , silicone oils & fluorinated hydrocarbons are used. Liquid dielectrics are mixture of hydrocarbons and are weakly polarized. Liquids , when used for electrical insulation purpose they should be free from moisture & other contamination.
2

Conduction & Breakdown in Liquid Dielectrics


Liquid as insulators Some of the isomers of poly-chlorinated diphenyls (generally called askerels) have been found to be very toxic and poisonous ,and their use has been almost stopped. The most important factor that affects the electrical strength of an insulating oil is the presence of water in the form of fine droplets suspended in the oil. Presence of 0.001% water in transformer oil reduces its electrical strength to 20% of the dry value. 3

Classifications of liquid dielectrics


a) b) c) d) e) Transformer Oil (Mineral Oil) Synthetic hydrocarbons (Polyolefins) Chlorinated hydrocarbons Silicone Oils Esters

Transformer Oil
Mostly used liquid dielectrics in power appratus. Almost colourless liquid consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons which include paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthalenes and aromatics. Due to prolong subjection to heat at 95C, ageing process takes place. Due to ageing, the oil becomes darker due to formation of acids and resins or sludge. Due to sludge, heat transfer capacity is reduced.

Synthetic Hydrocarbons
Among various synthetic hydrocarbons polyolefins are used in power cables Over 55% of synthetic hydrocarbons produced world wide are polyolefins. Most used Olefins are polybutylene & alkylaromatic hydrocarbons. General characteristics are similar to mineral oils( Transformer Oil)
6

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Benzene & diphenyl (aromatic compound) are chlorinated to produce chlorinated aromatic compounds called askarels or PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyl) Possess high fire point & excellent electrical properties. Banned in recent year due to serious health hazards.
7

Silicone Oils
It is an alternative to PCB but they are expensive. Even at 150 C , they posses high thermal stability , so they are used for the apparatus having higher temperature range. Silicon oils are resistant to most chemicals and are oxidation resistant. They can be used at higher temperatures than mineral oils. 8

Esters
Natural esters such as caster oil have been used as a capacitor dielectric. Currently two types of synthetic esters are being used such as organic esters & phosphate esters. Organic esters have high boiling points Good viscosity temperature relationships and are extensively used in capacitors Phosphate esters have high boiling point and low flammability and therefore are used in transformers that are to be installed in hazardous area.
9

Characteristics of liquid dielectrics


Good Electrical Properties Excellent Heat transfer characteristics Chemically Stable

Electrical Properties are defined on the basis of the following parameters 1. Relative permittivity 2. Resistivity 3. Loss tangent (tan) or its power factor 4. Ability to withstand high electric stresses.

10

Permittivity
Permittivity of most of the petroleum oils vary from 2.0 to 2.6. While those of silicone Oils from 2.0 to 73. In case of non polar liquids ,the permittivity is independents of frequency. But , in case of polar liquids ,such as water, the permittivity changes with frequency . For example ,the permittivity of water is 78 at 50 Hz and reduces to about 5.0 at 1 MHz
11

Resistivity
Resistivity of insulating liquids used for high voltage applications should be more than 1016 -m . Most of the liquids in their pure state exhibits this property.

12

Power Factor or Loss tangent


Loss tangent
= 90- Pd = VI Cos= VI Sin I Power factor of a liquid dielectric under ac voltage will determine its performance under load conditions.

V
Power factor is a measure of the power loss and is an important parameter in cable and capacitor systems

However , in the case of transformer , the dielectric loss in the oil is negligible when compared to copper & iron losses.
Pure and dry transformer oil will have a very low power factor varying between 10-4 at 20C and 10-3 at 90C at a frequency of 50 Hz
13

Characteristics of liquid dielectrics (contd)


Heat Transfer Characteristics In equipments filled with a liquid dielectric (transformer, cable, circuit breaker etc) heat is transferred mainly by convection. Under natural atmosphere cooling conditions convection (N) is given by N= f[k3 AC /] where k = thermal conductivity A= coefficient of expansion C= specific heat/ volume = 0.25-0.33 Controlling factor for heat transfer are thermal conductivity (k) and viscosity () Higher thermal conductivity , more is heat transferred k N more heat is transferred A low value of k and high viscosity can lead to localized overheating k localized heating or even electrical burn out
Silicone oil do not exhibit these properties and therefore can pose 14 severe overheating problems in equipment that use these dielectric oils

Characteristics of liquid dielectrics (contd)


Chemical Stability The presence of materials like O2,water cause degradation of liquid. As a result soluble solids and gaseous products are formed. These products result corrosion with the metal surface, deterioration of electrical properties , increased dielectric loss, discharge and arcing. So, the liquids should be free from above mentioned material , hence should be chemically stable.
15

Pure liquids and commercial liquids


Pure liquids are those which are chemically pure and do not contain any other impurity . Examples n- hexane (C6H14) , n-heptane (C7H16) and other paraffin hydrocarbons. Commercial liquids are those which are not chemically pure ,normally consists of mixtures of complex organic molecules .
16

Conduction and Breakdown in Commercial Liquids


Commercial insulating liquids are not chemically pure and have impurities like gas bubble, suspended particles etc. Impurities reduce the breakdown strength of these liquids considerably. In addition, when breakdown occurs in these liquids, additional gases and gas bubble are evolved & solid decomposition products are formed. During the breakdown taking place in liquids , electrode surface become rough & explosive sounds are heard due to the generation of impulsive pressure through the liquids
17

Conduction and Breakdown in Commercial Liquids


The breakdown mechanism in commercial liquids depends upon - nature & condition of electrodes - physical properties of liquids - impurities & gases present in the liquids Theories that explain the breakdown mechanism in commercial liquids are 1) Suspended Particle Mechanism 2) Cavitations & Bubble Mechanism 3) Stressed Oil Volume Mechanism
18

Suspended Particle Theory


The presence of solid impurities cannot be avoided. The permittivity of these particles (2) will be different from the permittivity of the liquid (1). The force experience by impurities (particle) is given by
1( ) 2 2 F gradE 2 2r3 (2 ) 1 2

Where r is the radius of impurities particle and E is the electric field


19

Suspended Particle Theory (contd)


If 2> 1 (permittivity of particle>permittivity of liquid), this force is directed towards area of maximum stress. (impurities in this case may be solid particle) If 2< 1 (permittivity of particle<permittivity of liquid), this force is directed towards area of minimum stress. (impurities in this case may be gas bubble) If the voltage is continuously applied (dc) or the duration of the voltage is long (ac), then this force drives the particles towards the areas of maximum stress. If the number of particles present are large , they become aligned due to these forces ,and thus form a stable chain bridging the electrodes gap and ultimately causing a breakdown .
20

Suspended Particle Theory (contd)


If there is only a single conducting particle between the electrodes, it will give rise to local field enhancement depending on its shape. If this field exceeds the breakdown strength of the liquid . Local breakdown will occur near the particle and this will result in the formation of gas bubbles which may lead to the breakdown of the liquid.
21

Cultivation & Bubble Theory


This theory suggest that a change of phase of the medium is involved in the breakdown process. Giving rise to new phase is known as cultivation. In other word, a kind of vapour bubble formed is responsible for breakdown.

22

Cultivation & Bubble Theory(contd)


For the formation of gas bubbles following process takes place Gas pockets at the surface of the electrodes. Gas vapour are produced due to dissiciation of liquids molecules Vapourization of liquids from irregular surface of the electrodes
23

Cultivation & Bubble Theory (contd)


Once a bubble is formed it will elongate in the direction of electric field under the influence of electrostatic force. Volume of the bubble remains constant during elongation Breakdown occurs when the voltage drop along the length of the bubble becomes equal to the minimum value on Pachens Curve for the gas in the bubble.
24

Cultivation & Bubble Theory(contd)


The break down field is given as

Where is the surface tension of the liquid 1 is the permittivity of the liquid 2 is the permittivity of the gas bubble r is the initial radius of the bubble assumed as a sphere Vb is the voltage drop in the bubble (corresponding to minimum on Pachens Curve)

From this equation ,it can be seen that the breakdown strength depends on the initial size of the bubble ,which in turn is influenced by the hydrostatic pressure and temperature of the liquid,

25

Stressed Oil Volume Theory


In commercial liquids , the breakdown strength is determined by the largest possible impurity or weak link. This theory says that the electrical breakdown strength of the oil is defined by the weakest region (i.e. the region which is stressed to maximum) or the area of oil in the weakest region. In non uniform field , stressed oil volume is taken as the volume which is contained between the maximum Stress (Emax) contour and 0.9 Emax 26 contour

Stressed Oil Volume Theory (contd)


According to this theory Breakdown Strength 1/(Stressed Oil Volume) The breakdown voltage is highly influenced by the gas content in the oil, the viscosity of the oil and the presence of other impurities.

27

S-ar putea să vă placă și