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Colonization in 1945
Terms
colonialism: one countrys domination of another country or people, usually achieved through aggressive actions; involves formal political control of one country over another colony: the territory acquired, usually through aggressive actions colonization: the act of colonizing imperialism: similar to colonialism but used more broadly to refer to political or economic control exercised either formally or informally new imperialism: period of European imperialism involving extension of formal political control in Africa and Asia, 1870-1914
decolonization: process of granting independence to a colony; refers particularly to the period after WWII when European colonies in Africa and Asia achieved independence
VII.
VIII.
Imperialism before 1450 Age of European Exploration & Early Modern European Imperialism (1450-1700) European Merchant Empires (1700-1815) Imperialism of Free Trade (1815-1870) New Imperialism (1870-1914) Mandates (post-WWI) & Trusts (post-WWII) Decolonization (1945-1970) Modern Economic Imperialism & Neocolonialism
one state attempts to dominate all others through unified system of control
new territories usually adjacent or nearly adjacent to imperial center
II. Age of European Exploration & Early Modern European Imperialism (14501700)
emerging European nation-states compete for political and economic power drives exploration of and expansion into new lands
extension of formal political control over territories
Why?
ECONOMIC/POLITICAL POWER
Trading Companies
British East India Company (1600) Dutch East India Company (1602) Dutch West India Company (1621)
Why?
GOD (i.e. RELIGION)
Who?
1.
2. 3.
In 1492 .
and the lucky guy ran into a giant heap of dirt in the way of his targeted destination.
And in 1498
Vasco da Gama rounds the southernmost tip of Africa...
and reaches India via the sea
Cape Agulhas
Key light blue = first empire of 1600s-1700s; dark blue = second empire, built after 1830
by 18th c. European exploration and expansion resulted in the creation of powerful sea-based empires world system = area where different cultures are related through commercial and other interactions
3 world systems
North Atlantic
regions: Western Europe, Russia, the Baltic, Scandinavia, Newfoundland, Canada and northeastern USA colonial powers: French, Dutch, English main products: timber, fish, fur
regions: South and Central America, Brazil, Caribbean, West Africa, southeastern USA colonial powers: Spanish, Portuguese, English main products: silver, sugar, tobacco, African slaves, cotton
regions: South and Southeast Asia, East Africa colonial power: Britain main products: spices, silk, other luxury goods
extension of informal influence (namely economic) rather than asserting formal political control
driven by capitalism
product of Industrial Revolution (begins in Britain ca. 1780) Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations (1776)
states resume extending formal political control, not just economic or diplomatic influence territories acquired in Africa and Asia still driven by capitalism
League of Nations mandates transferred control of German and Ottoman colonies to WWI victors United Nations Trust Territories successors to mandates when UN replaced League of Nations in 1946
League of Nations mandates in Africa, the Middle East, and the Pacific