Impact of WorldWar I

Crisis and Conflict
An Enquiry Approach to Modern World History
Secondary 3
Chapter 1: Impact of World War I
Did World War I change the world?
What was the world like before World War I?
What was the world like after World War I?
1. The world before 1914. 2. What caused the war.
1. Effects of the war on the world.
Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I
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In a Nutshell
When did it happen?
Where did it happen? Who fought in the war?
19141918 Europe, Africa and the Middle East 1) Allied Powers
(Leading member: Britain)
2) Central Powers
(Leading member: Germany)
Who won? How many died?
The Allied Powers Soldiers: 8 million Civilians or people who were not soldiers: 6 million
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Allied Powers
Britain France Serbia Russia Italy (joined after May 1915)
Central Powers
vs
Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Turkey
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Powerful countries
Alliances among the great powers
Competition for colonies
What was the world like before World War I?
Strong feelings of nationalism
Arms and naval race
Assassinatio n of Archduke of AustriaHungary
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Powerful countries
Britain France
Largest colonial empire in the world.
Most powerful navy.

Defeated by Germans in 1871 FrancoPrussian War. Lost resource-rich Alsace-Lorraine. Looked for ways to recover it.
Russia
Largest empire in Europe.

Largest army.
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Powerful countries
AustriaHungary
Large, unstable and divided empire. Different ethnic groups often attempted to break away to form own nation-states. Economy grew rapidly after 1871 reunification. Army best-trained and equipped in Europe. Kaiser Wilhelm IIs ambition. Empire stretched from Europe to the Middle East and Asia. Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.
Germany
Ottoman Turkey
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Britain: Largest colonial empire in the world. Most powerful navy.
Germany: Rapid growth in economy and power after 1871 reunification. Best-trained and equipped army in Europe. Huge territorial ambition. Russia: Largest empire in Europe. Largest army. Less advanced industrialisation.
France: Resource-rich AlsaceLorraine was annexed by Germany in the 1871 Franco-Prussian War. Looked for ways to recover it.
The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkey): Empire stretched from Europe to the Middle East and Asia. Austria-Hungary: Large, unstable and divided empire. Different ethnic groups often attempted to break away to form their own nation-states.
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Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.

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Acquire
colonies to:
further national security.

enhance national prestige.
obtain raw materials.

gain access to markets for manufactured goods.
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Britain and France already in control of most of Africa and Asia.
Very little left for Germany.

Competition for colonies.
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Arms and naval race

Germany
Germanys ambition to expand army and navy to rival its enemies. Powerful military as bargaining voice, bragging rights and fulcrum to expansionist policy?
AustriaHungary
Kaiser Wilhelm II in an interview published in the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph in November 1908 Germany is a young and growing empire. She takes part in trade that is rapidly expanding. Germany must have a powerful fleet to protect that trade. She must be able to fight for her interests in any part of the world. Only those powers that have great navies will be listened to with respect.
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Britain
Arms and naval race
France
Britain,
France and Russia felt the threat posed by an ambitious Germany. Also increased army and navy to maintain balance of military power.
The race is on!
Russia
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Arms and naval race

Size of great powers' armies
1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 Russia Germany France Britain AustriaHungary
403,000 380,000 302,000 247,000 700,000
1870
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Arms and naval race

Size of great powers' armies
1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000
812,000 846,000 1,300,000
800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0
700,000
403,000
380,000
381,000 302,000
424,000 247,000
1870 1914
Russia Germany France
Britain
AustriaHungary
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1882
(Triple Alliance Agreement)
1907
(Triple Entente Agreement)
Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy allied to form the Central Powers.

The Balance of Power:
Britain, France and Russia allied to become the Allied Powers.
The great powers thought that forming alliances could deter countries from starting a war. This was because such a war would not be easy to win as it would quickly escalate as more countries joined the fight via the alliances.
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Instead, these alliances meant that a war between two countries would soon involve their allies and become a bigger conflict. Played an important part in causing World War I.
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Because of the Triple Entente, Germany hatched the Schlieffen Plan. Plan would prevent Germany from having to fight the Allied Powers on two fronts in the event of war:

France and Britain in the west. Russia to the east.
Pivotal action of the Plan was to defeat France with lightning attack through neutral Belgium and take out the Western front.
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18 Germany risked having to fight the Allied Powers on both the Eastern front and the Western front.
The Schlieffen Plan called for surprise occupation of neutral Belgium and lightning attack and defeat of France through Belgium.
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Many
Slavs lived in the Balkans, in nationstates like Bosnia and Serbia. Serbian nationalism inspired plans for creation of larger Serbian state (Serbia and Bosnia). Austria-Hungary threatened by prospect of larger Serbian state south of its border.
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Serbian nationalism to the south of AustriaHungarys border created a threat for AustriaHungary.
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Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia. Many Slavs decided to set up secret societies goal was to force AustriaHungary out of Bosnia. Russians were also Slavs protective towards fellow Slavs in the Balkans. Opposed to Austria-Hungarys attempts to prevent spread of Serbian nationalism.
1908
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Assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary

June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir apparent to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was shot in Bosnia. Killer was member of Black Hand, a secret society based in Serbia. The perfect excuse for Austria-Hungary to remove Serbian threat once and for all.
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accused Serbia of planning the murder.

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Events which led to start of World War I

28 June 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand was shot in Sarajevo, Bosnia. 23 July 1914:
Germany offered to back Austria-Hungary against Serbia. Austria-Hungary demanded that Serbia hand over leaders of the Black Hand by 25 July.
26 July 1914: Russia joined the fray by supporting Serbia.
28 July 1914: Leaders of Black Hand not handed over. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
3 August 1914: As Belgium was under British protection, Britain sent ultimatum to Germany to withdraw from Belgium.
3 August 1914: Germany declared war on France. Schlieffen Plan set in motion, Germans entered neutral Belgium.
1 August 1914: Germany declared war on Russia; France mobilised its troops to support Russia.
31 July 1914: Russia mobilised its army in support of Serbia. Germany feared an imminent Russian invasion.
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Events which led to start of World War I

4 August 1914: Britain declared war on Germany as German troops had not withdrawn.
World War I began!
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Critical Thinking
Powerful countries? Alliances among the great powers?
Competition for colonies?
What really caused World War I?
Strong feelings of nationalism?
Arms and naval race?

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Assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary?
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Which view do you agree with?
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The Course of the War

Schlieffen Plan did not materialise as planned for the Germans. By the end of 1914, both sides stuck in a stalemate of bloody trench warfare. Little land gained but heavy casualties.
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It was very difficult to penetrate the formidable defence formed by a line of trenches. Hundreds of thousands of deaths were suffered in bloody trench warfare.
The Germans intended lightning attack of France did not succeed. Instead their advances were slowed drastically by stiff Allied resistance. Long lines of trenches dug from Belgium to the Swiss border ensured both sides got stuck in a fruitless yet bloody trench warfare a stalemate.
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In 1914, the Germans failed to even reach Paris. The Schlieffen Plan had collapsed. They were drawn into a two-front war. Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I
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November 1914: The Ottoman Empire entered the war on Germanys side.
May 1915: Italy joined the war on the side of the Allied Powers. In return, Italy was promised territory which it hoped to gain from AustriaHungary.
April 1917: The USA declared war against Germany due to outrage over loss of innocent American lives when German submarines sank the Lusitania.
March 1918: Russia signed the Treaty of BrestLitovsk with Germany and exited the war because it had suffered very heavy casualties on the Eastern front. Ceded land and resources to Germany. End of war on the Eastern front.
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March 1918: With the end of the war on the Eastern front, Germany redeployed its troops there to the Western front and launched a massive offensive there. June 1918: Large numbers of fresh USA troops started arriving on the war front. July 1918: Germany could not sustain its offensive on the Western front as its resources were depleted due to the two-front war between 1914 and 1918. October 1918: The Germans were forced to retreat. Turkey and AustriaHungary pulled out of the war, leaving Germany as the lone Central Power in the war. Germany was fighting a losing battle.
August 1918: Allied forces counterattacked.
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November
1918: The Kaiser was overthrown in a revolt. Germany became a republic. Its new leaders asked for an armistice and was granted that on 11 November 1918. World War I was over.
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Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people Four empires broke up
Changes to society
World economy damaged
Selfdetermination became popular
New nationstates were set up
New boundaries created problems
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Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people

Nearly
8 million soldiers killed.
Millions
of young men wounded and permanently disabled by gas or exploding shells.

others suffered from post-war trauma.
Many
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Casualty Figures from World War I
57,000 750,000 1,400,000
France Germany Russia Britain America

1,700,000 1,800,000
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Millions
of displaced refugees who had lost almost everything. living conditions, lack of food and spread of disease. more killed due to diseases.
Poor
Many
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Four empires broke up

Germany,
Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Russia broke up into smaller countries.
Many ethnic groups set up their own nations.
Former
colonies of German and Ottoman Empires administered by Allied Powers until they were ready for self-government.
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Self-determination became popular

Self-determination
and self-government championed as a principle of peace.

Hungary
Czechoslovaki a
Self-determination Self-determination
Austro-Hungarian Empire
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New nation-states were set up

Many new countries were set up because of nationalism.
Lithuania Latvia
Yugoslavia Estonia
Nationalism
Poland Hungary
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Although
new nation-states were formed, ethnic groups did not get to form nations of ethnic uniformity. ethnic minorities lived within the borders of newly-created states. new borders caused ethnic tension.
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Many
These
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World trade disrupted. Resources of great powers depleted. Farms, factories and industrial areas destroyed no production. Infrastructure destroyed lengthy restoration. Massive unemployment. Countries cash-strapped, saddled with huge debts.
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Changes to society
Divisions
in society were heightened.
The war brought to the fore differences between two opposing camps of society pacifists and militarists.
The horrors of war tilted some groups more towards pacifism.
But other groups became even more fiercely inclined towards militarism. They felt this was the best way to protect their country against invasion and annexation.
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Changes to society
Disillusionment
with existing system.
Segments of society lost faith in the existing system of government. Looked for alternative social ideologies.
Communism emerged.
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Changes to society
Changes
to the position of women.
Many males in the families were killed in the war. Womens responsibilities increased. Womens expectations about their role in society also changed equal rights, equal opportunities.
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Changes to society
Changes
to the position of workers.
Working class given right to vote in recognition of its contributions to the war expansion of electorate. Increasing support for government welfare programmes such as state-provided healthcare and education. Greater expectation for equality with middle class and upper class.
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Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people Four empires broke up
Changes to society
Selfdetermination became popular
New nationstates were set up
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What does this picture tell you about the impact of World War I?
Homeless people: There were numerous displaced refugees who had lost almost everything.
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Changes to position of women in society: They expected equal rights, equal opportunities.
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Unemployment: Many jobs were displaced by the war.
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Summary
World War I
Major countries involved
Central Powers
Impact Causes
Political
Powerful countries. Competition for colonies. Arms and naval race. Alliance system. Strong nationalism. Assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary.
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Economic
Social
Allied Powers
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Summary
Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Turkey
Major countries involved

Central Powers
Britain France Serbia Russia (until 1917) Italy (from May 1915) USA (fought as an Associated Power from 1917)
Allied Powers
Back to main summary

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Summary
Impact
Old empires broke up. Creation of new nations and nation-states. Ethnic tension due to new borders. Self-determination by countries formerly ruled by empires.
Political Economic Social

Farmland and industrial areas destroyed no more production. Infrastructure destroyed. World trade disrupted. Massive unemployment. Countries saddled with huge debts. Divisions in society heightened. Emergence of Communism. Changes to the position of women and workers. Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I
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Back to main summary

Impact of WorldWar I

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Crisis and Conflict

An Enquiry Approach to Modern World History

Chapter 1: Impact of World War I

Did World War I change the world?

What was the world like before World War I?

What was the world like after World War I?

1. The world before 1914. 2. What caused the war.

1. Effects of the war on the world.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Who won? How many died?

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Alliances among the great powers

Competition for colonies

What was the world like before World War I?

Strong feelings of nationalism

Arms and naval race

Assassinatio n of Archduke of AustriaHungary

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Largest colonial empire in the world.

Most powerful navy.

Largest empire in Europe.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Britain: Largest colonial empire in the world. Most powerful navy.

Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Competition for colonies

further national security.

obtain raw materials.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Competition for colonies

Britain and France already in control of most of Africa and Asia.

Very little left for Germany.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Arms and naval race

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Arms and naval race

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Arms and naval race

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Arms and naval race

800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0

Russia Germany France

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Alliances among the great powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy allied to form the Central Powers.

Britain, France and Russia allied to become the Allied Powers.

Alliances among the great powers

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Alliances among the great powers

France and Britain in the west. Russia to the east.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Strong feelings of nationalism

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Strong feelings of nationalism

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary

accused Serbia of planning the murder.

Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I

Events which led to start of World War I

26 July 1914: Russia joined the fray by supporting Serbia.