Modes OF Transmission in wireless

Simplex communication system

Example:

Television , radio

TX

Communication is possible in one direction only

RX

 Half Duplex communication system

Example :

Police radio

TX+RX

Two-way communication on the same channel. At any given time a user can only transmit or receive

TX +RX

 Full Duplex communication system

Example :

GSM mobile radio

simultaneous two-way communication

TX+RX

Two simultaneous but separate channels are provided for communication to and from the terminals

TX +RX

Multiple Access
Different multiple access methods use different strategies to:
Divide the radio spectrum into channels (Time or Freq. !llocate those channels amon" users (#ne channel or more $dentify different users on an %F carrier (Fixed or dynamic

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

As AMPS and NMT

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

As GSM and IS-136

TDMA Vs FDMA
FDM
low cost hardware technology

TDM
$ermits a fle%ible bit rate &asy for mobile or base stations to initiate and e%ecute hands off

dvantages

o need for networ! timing o restriction regarding the type of base band "voice or data# or type of modulation

The presence of guard bands

Re'uires

networ!-wide

timing

Disadvantages

Re'uires (deal R) filtering to minimi*e ad+acent channel interference

synchroni*ation Re'uires signal processing for advancing

Why Do we need new access techniques?

Band Saturation More BW efficiency Capacity ( ore t!an " T!e popu#ation of t!e $#o%e use o%i#e p!ones&

What about SDMA?

CDMA Spread Spectrum

'ri$ina##y de(e#oped for i#itary and na(i$ation purposes As C!anne# BW $et s a##er More Capacity

N' More necessary

CDMA Spread Spectrum

CDMA Spread Spectrum

CDMA Spread Spectrum

)esearc!es started e(en fro 1*+,-s Ce##u#ar spread-spectru app#ication .as su$$ested %y Cooper and Nett#eton in 1*/0 IS-*+1 t!e narro. %and C2MA co o%i#e net.or31 !as %een standardi4ed in 1**3 and

ercia# net.or3s .ere introduced in 1**+

3G .ide%and C2MA syste s1 suc! as C2MA5,,, in 67S7 and 8uropean WC2MA de(e#oped fro 1**,s and sti## on$oin$

CDMA Spread Spectrum

Signal Spreading Preview

$n DS spreadin"& the incomin" di"ital speech si"nal is

multiplied 'y a di"ital pseudo(noise ()* code throu"h a process called 'it stream multiplication.

T!e resu#t of 2S spreadin$ is an encoded1 spread spectru 1 C2MA si$na#7

Signal Spreading Preview

Fast frequency hoppin"

T!is approac! assu es t!at t!e t.o stations !a(e9

A co on 3no.#ed$e of t!e fre:uency !oppin$ p#an7 Sync!roni4ed c#oc3s

Signal Spreading Preview

Time Hoppin"

Ti e !oppin$ assu es t!at t!e t.o stations in co A co on 3no.#ed$e of t!e ti e-!oppin$ ;p#an7; Sync!roni4ed c#oc3s

unication !a(e9

The Strengths of CDMA

$ncreased system capacity. +ell sites can 'e lar"er. Enhanced privacy due to di"ital codin" of +D,! si"nals. Enhanced call quality -o.er transmit %F po.er levels& lon"er 'attery life& and

increased tal/ time for hand(held units.

Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts

0it stream multiplication is the process .here an input 'it

stream of information (usually a di"ital speech si"nal called '(t is multiplied 'y a pseudo(noise ()* code called c(t to produce a ne. composite output si"nal called y(t .

Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts

+onsider the difference 'et.een spreadin" and

scram'lin":

Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts

2ata Code

,1,,,1,1111,1,1,1,,1 1,11,1,1,,1,1,1,1,11 1,11,1,1,,1,1,1,1,11 ,,,,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1

Code

Not 2ata

Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts

'(t 1 c(t 2 y(t '(t 1 c(t 1 c(t 2 '(t

Spreading and Despreading

%emem'er that spreadin" occurs .hen a lo.er 'it rate

input si"nal '(t is multiplied 'y a hi"her chip rate spreadin" code c(t as sho.n. Bit

C!ip

Spreading and Despreading Cont

despreadin" ta/es y(t and multiplies a"ain 'y the same

spreadin" )* code c(t to recover the di"ital information si"nal '(t .

Spreading and Power Spectral Densit!

Spreadin" does not chan"e total po.er. Spreadin"

chan"es ho. the po.er is distri'uted over frequency. The follo.in" formulas hold true: F' 234T' (the 'it rate of the input si"nal Fc 234Tc (the chip rate of the spreadin" code 5 (processin" "ain 2 Fc4F' 2T'4Tc

Scrambling and Descrambling

Scram'lin" is often used for privacy. 6hen scram'lin" is

used for encryption& then descram'lin" is used for decryption.

Repeated preadin! and cram"lin!

+D,! systems use scram'lin" and spreadin" in several .ays for: Encryption for privacy +hannel identification 0ase station identification

P" Codes
! 'inary sequence .ith fixed len"th and has noise(li/e

randomness
*early equal num'er of 7eros and ones -o. correlation 'et.een shifted versions of the sequence -o. correlation .ith other user si"nals (interference and

noise 5ood autocorrelation properties .ith o.n si"nal in synchroni7ation

Code #eneration Circuitr!

Code #eneration Circuitr!

D D Flip FlipFlop Flop D D Flip FlipFlop Flop D D Flip FlipFlop Flop

$uic% &eview

RF Transmission Delay and its #$$ect

%adio si"nals typically travel at a rate of a'out five microseconds to the

mile. !ssumin" that a mo'ile is ten miles a.ay from the 'ase station& a 89 microsecond (:s delay .ould 'e the result.

C!ip < 701 usec

RF Transmission Delay and its #$$ect

'oc%ing (n to a Particular P" Se)uence Cont

'oc%ing (n to a Particular P" Se)uence Cont

'oc%ing (n to a Particular P" Se)uence Cont

Signal Correlation With (ffsets 'ess Than * Time Chip

Signal Correlation With (ffsets 'ess Than * Time Chip

Signal Correlation