Chapter# 3 (page# 84) System of Linear Equations Lecture 2

Learning Objectives:

To be able to understand the concept of two

variable systems of equations.

To be able to understand the concept of Unique Solution, No Solution and Infinite many Solution or Simply many solutions using examples.
To be able to apply Gaussian Elimination

method to solve any (m x n) system of equations.

2

(3.1) Two Variable Systems of Equations

(i) Systems of Equations [page # 86]

A system of equations is a set consists of more than one equation. We may characterize a system of equations by its dimension, which is define as, If a system consists of m equations and n no. of variables then its dimension is m x n. A system consist of 2 equations and 2 variables is a define as a (2 x 2) system of equations or simply (2 x 2) system.

(i) Systems of Equations [page # 86]

We have 3 methods or techniques to solve any (2 x 2) system of equations as given below: (a) Graphical method (b) Elimination method (c) Gaussian Elimination method

Example (3.1): Solve the given system of equations using graphical method:

Solution: In order to solve above system of equations using graphical method. This required we have to draw or sketch or graph the both straight lines on Cartesian or Rectangular Co-ordinate System or simply xy - plane as represent by equations (3.1) and (3.2).
5

In other words we have to compute two points on equations (3.1) and (3.2) respectively. Line 1 or equation (3.1): Put x = 0 in equation (3.1), we get

Put y = 0 in equation (3.1), we have

Line 2 or equation (3.2): Similarly , we calculate any two points on equation (3.2) and we get two points as . Now we draw the two straight lines as represent by equations (3.1) & (3.2) given below:

y 4 5x + 10y = 20 (3.1)
point (2,1) is our solution i.e. x = 2 & y = 1

-4

-2

(0, 0) -2 -4

3x + 4y = 10 (3.2)

(b) Elimination method: We can also solve example (3.1) using Elimination method which comprises on two techniques: (i) Simultaneous Solution technique and (ii) Substitution or Elimination technique.
We use Simultaneous Solution technique to solve above system of equations as given in example (3.1).

(3.2) Graphical and Algebraic Analysis for a Unique Solution, No Solution and Infinite many Solution [page # 87]
A (m x n) system of equations characterize by 3 different types of solution or solution set using graphical and algebraic methods. (i) Graphical Method For the sake of simplicity we discuss here 3 cases of a (2 x 2) system of equations i.e. (a) Unique Solution (b) No Solution (c) Infinite Many Solution
10

(a) Unique Solution [page # 87]

When any two straight lines intersect each other at a point, then the co-ordinates of point of intersect ion is term as a unique solution or simply a solution. Suppose two lines intersect at a point , then this point is a unique solution as shown given below in fig (3.2 a):

11

y 4

-4

-2

(0, 0) -2 -4

Fig (3.2 a)

12

(a) Unique Solution [page # 87]

We already solve a (2 x 2) system of equations using graphical method as we did in example (3.1) in which our unique solution is (2, 1) i.e. = (2, 1). (b) No Solution [page # 87] When any two straight lines are parallel to each other i.e. their slopes are equal, but having different y- intercept values then there is no solution for this scenario as shown in fig (3.2 b) below:
13

y 4

-4

-2

(0, 0) -2 -4

Fig (3.2 b)

14

(c) Infinite many Solutions [page # 87]

When any two straight lines are parallel to each other i.e. their slopes are equal, and having same y- intercept values. In other words two lines are overlapping to each other then there exists infinite many solutions as shown in fig (3.2 c) below:

15

y 4

-4

-2

(0, 0) -2 -4

Fig (3.2 c)

16

(ii) Algebraic Method Suppose we have a (2 x 2) system of equations in the form of Slope Intercept form as shown given below:

(a) Unique Solution If , then above system of equations give a unique solution.

17

(b) No Solution If , but solution.

then there exists no

(c) Infinite many Solutions If and then there infinite many solution.

18

Example (3.2): Solve the given system of equations:

Solution: Before starting solution, we simply the given system of equations i.e.

Similarly,
19

On compare eqns. (3.7) and (3.8) with eqns. (3.3) and (3.4) previous lecture, we noticed that both eqns. contains same slope and same y intercepts i.e. Therefore there exists infinite many solution of this system of eqns.

20

Example (3.3): Solve the given system of equations:

Solution: Before starting solution, we simply the given system of equations i.e.

Similarly,
21

On compare eqns. (3.11) and (3.12) with eqns. (3.3) and (3.4) previous lecture, we noticed that both eqns. contains same slope but different y intercepts i.e.

Therefore there no solution or solution set of this system of eqns.

Note: You can also verify that in example (3.2) have infinite many solution and example (3.3) by using Simultaneous technique of Elimination method directly.
22

Section (3.4) [page# 118]

Q#1: A company produces three products, each of which must be processed through 3 departments. Table (3.4) summarizes the labor hours required per unit of each product in each department. The monthly labor hours capacities for the 3 departments are 1800, 1450 & 1900 hrs. respectively. Determine whether there is a combination of the 3 products which could be produced monthly so as to consume the full monthly labor availabilities of all departments.

23

Table (3.4)
Department Product 1 Product 2 Product 3

A
B C

3
4 2

2
1 4

5
3 1

24

Section (3.4) [page# 120]

Q#5: A blending process is to combine 3 components in such a way as to create a final blend of 60,000 gallons. The 3 components cost $2, $1.5 and $1.25 per gallon respectively. Total cost of the components should equal $90,000. Another requirement in the blending is that the no. of gallons used of component 1 should twice the amount used of component 3. Determine whether there is a combination of 3 components which will lead to a final blend of 60000 gallons costing $90,000 and satisfying the blending restrictions.
25