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Dr Zakuan Zainy Deris & Assoc. Prof. M. Ravichandran Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Email: zakuan@kb.usm.my
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Living organism
Diversity of different living organism Different method of obtaining nutrients Different habitats Relationship between different species
Parasitism Pathogen
Types of Parasites
Obligate parasite: Parasite which can not survive in any other manner outside the host. eg. Malarial Parasite Facultative Parasite: Parasite may exists in a free living state for some time: eg. Acanthamoeba Ectoparasite: Parasite on the outer surface of the host eg. Mites, Ticks Endoparasite: Parasite located within the host eg. Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Types of host
Intermediate host - developmental or asexual stages of parasite found e.g. Human in Malaria, tsetse fly in trypanosomes. Definitive host Sexual reproduction occurs: e.g. Mosquito in Malaria, Human in trypanosomes Transfer/Paratenic host- Simply carries the parasite, no development in/on the host: e.g. House fly, Cockroaches
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Dead-end host - intermediate host that does generally not allow transmission to the definite host. E.g.: humans are dead-end hosts for Echinococcus canine tapeworms. Zoonotic infection: If infection is transmitted from reservoir host to human. e.g.- Trichinella spiralis Reservoir host: Parasite complete its life cycle in animal host, where the host tolerates the infection. Amplifier host - host in which pathogens multiply rapidly to high levels. E.g. Domestic pig in Japanese encephalitis viral infection.
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Host factors
Host specificity: Parasite infects only limited number of host species Genetic make up of the host Resistance to Malaria Sickle cell anaemia Resistance to Plasmodium vivax in the absence of Duffy blood group Immune competence of the host Nonpathogenic commensal Pathogen in immunocompromised host Parasites in the immunocompromised host Toxoplasma, Cryptosporodium, Cyclospora, Strongyloides, Trichinella
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
HOST
Parasite properties
Should be able to survive in the host With stand the host immune response Should be able to produce egg/larvae/cyst Should be able to successfully transmitted
to an another host
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Pathogen-host interaction
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Entry into the host Primary replication Spread Cell and tissue tropism Secondary replication Cell injury or persistence Host immune response
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Viral receptor
Virus
HIV
Receptor
CD4
Cell type
Th cell B cells
Influenza A
Gastroenritis virus Polio
Parasite properties
Specialized attachment
Scolex of Taenia solium which has 4 suckers in addition to a double row of hooks.
Secretion of Proteolytic
enzymes Intracellular localization
Transmission of parasites
Cyst: Contaminated food and water
eg: E histolytica
Example Leishmania
Plasmodium Toxoplasma
Antibody