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Concept Review
Pressure
• Force per unit area
• SI unit is Pascal
• 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101.325
kPa
Will not be given
Gas Laws
• Boyle’s Law
Relates pressure to volume
with constant temperature
Inversely proportional
PV = constant
P1V1 = P2V2
Gas Laws
• Charles’s Law
Relates volume to temperature
with constant pressure
Directly proportional
V/T = constant
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Avogadro's Law
• Volume of gas at given
temperature directly proportional
to number of moles of gas
• V/n = constant
• At STP, 22.4 L of gas contains
6.02 x 1023 molecules
Gas Laws
• Avogadro's Hypothesis
Equal volumes of gas at same
temperature and pressure
contain same number of
molecules
Gas Laws
• Combined Gas Law
PV/nT = constant
P1V1/n1T1 = P2V2/n2T2
Gas Laws
• Ideal Gas Law
PV = nRT
R is ideal gas constant
(.0821 L atm/mol K)
Watch units
n can be used for
stoichiometric calculation
• Density of a gas
M = dRT/P
(R = .0821 L atm/mol K)
Gas Laws
• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Total pressure of mixture of
gases equal to sum of partial
pressure of each gas
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3…
nt = n1 + n2 + n3…
Gas Laws
• Mole Fraction
X1 = n1/nt
Pressure of gas
P1 = X1Pt
Gas Laws
• Collecting Gas over Water
Ptotal = Pgas + Pwater
Vapor pressure of water varies
with temperature
Values given or in Appendix B
Kinetic Molecular Theory
• Size of gas molecules small
compared to distance between
molecules (gas molecules very
small and very far apart)
• Gas molecules are in constant
random motion
• Attractive forces between
molecule are negligible
Kinetic Molecular Theory
• Gas particles have elastic
collisions – no KE lost
• Average KE proportional to
absolute temperature
Kinetic Energy of Gas
Sample
• KEave = 3/2 RT (per mole)
• R = 8.31 J/mol K
Root Mean Square Velocity
• Speed of individual particle in a
gas sample with average KE
• μrms = √3RT/M
R = 8.31 J/mol K
M = kg/mol
Graham’s Law of Effusion
• Diffusion is movement of particles
from high to low concentration
• Effusion is the escape of a gas
molecule through a tiny hole into an
evacuated space
• For rate of effusion
r1/r2 = √M2/M1
Graham’s Law of Effusion
• For diffusion, although gases
traveling at high rates of speed,
their movement is slowed by
collisions with other particles
Deviations from Ideal Gas Laws
(Real Gases)
• Real gases behave most like ideal gases
at high temperature and low pressure
• At low temperature and high pressure
gases deviate from ideal behavior
Molecules have finite volume
Molecules do attract each other
Deviations from Ideal Gas
Laws (Real Gases)
• Van der Waals Equation corrects
for these conditions
Correction for molecular
attraction
Correction for measurable
volume