Information and Technology for management

Presented By Adarsh Singh Bhakti Varma Dixit Verma Mansi Rastogi Rakesh Yadav M.F.M II

Data and Information

Data refers to the raw facts that are collected while information refers to processed data that enables us to take decisions.

Ex. When result of a particular test is declared it

contains data of all students, when you find the marks

you have scored you have the information that lets you
know whether you have passed or failed.

What is data communication?

Data communication Defined as a subset of telecommunication involving the transmission of data to and from computers and

components of computer systems.

More specifically data communication is transmitted via mediums such as wires, coaxial cables, fiber optics, or

radiated electromagnetic waves such as broadcast radio,

infrared light, microwaves, and satellites.

Components of Data Communication

Message: Message is the information to be communicated by the sender to the receiver. Sender :The sender is any device that is capable of sending the data (message). Receiver :The receiver is a device that the sender wants to communicate the data (message).

Transmission Medium :It is the path by which the message travels

from sender to receiver. It can be wired or wireless and many subtypes in both.

Data flow
Devices communicate with each other by sending and receiving data. The data can flow between the two devices in the following ways. Simplex Half Duplex Full Duplex

Simplex

C.P.U

Monitor

Half Duplex
Direction of data at time T1

STATION 1

STATION 2

Direction of data at time T2

Full duplex

Direction of data at all time STATION 1 STATION 2

Computer network
Computer Networks are used for data communications

Definition: A computer network can be defined as a collection of

nodes and hubs. A node/hubs can be any device capable of transmitting or receiving data. The communicating nodes have to be connected by communication links. A Compute network should ensure reliability of the data communication process security of the data

Applications of computer networks

E-mail Searchable Data (Web Sites) E-Commerce News Groups Internet Telephony (VoIP) Video Conferencing Chat Groups Instant Messengers Internet Radio

Internet, Intranet and Extranet

Internet
The internet
A network of networks The internet transmits data from one computer (called a host) to another

Internet networks
Linked networks that work much the same way -they pass data around in packets, each of which carries the addresses of its sender and receiver

Internet

Intranet
A network based on TCP/IP protocols (an internet) belonging to an organization, usually a corporation, accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with authorization. An intranet's Web sites look and act just like any other Web sites, but the firewall surrounding an intranet fends off unauthorized access.
Like the Internet itself, intranets are used to share information. Secure intranets are now the fastest-growing segment of the Internet because they are much less expensive to build and manage than private networks based on proprietary protocols.

Extranet
A new buzzword that refers to an intranet that is partially accessible to authorized outsiders. Whereas an intranet resides behind a firewall and is accessible only to people who are members of the same company or organization, an extranet provides various levels of accessibility to outsiders. You can access an extranet only if you have a valid username and password, and your identity determines which parts of the extranet you can view. Extranets are becoming a very popular means for business partners to exchange information.

Categories of Network
Local Area Networks (LAN) is usually limited to a small area. It may be

privately owned and could be a network inside an office on one of the

floor of a building or a LAN could be a network consisting of the computers in a entire building.

Wide Area Network (WAN) is made of all the networks in a

(geographically) large area. The network in the entire state of Maharashtra could be a WAN

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is of size between LAN & WAN. It is

larger than LAN but smaller than WAN. It may comprise the entire network in a city like Mumbai.

Network topology, architecture and complexity

Network topology refers to the physical layout of a network, the way that nodes attach to the communication medium Network architecture refers to the way in which media, hardware, and software are integrated to form a network Network complexity is concerned with extent to which network architectures are simple or diverse in their make

Basic network Topology

Bus Ring Star

Bus topology

This type of network was widely used in the 1980s In this configuration every computer (node) shares the networks total bus capacities. In this configuration adding more computers will reduce the access speed on the network. Each computer communicates to other computers on the network independently this is referred to as PEER-TO-PEER networking

Ring Topology
In Ring topology each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so the entire network forms a circle Data only travels in one direction on a Ring network

Star topology
HUB

In a Star topology every node is connected through a central device such as a Hub, Switch or Router Compared to a Ring or Bus topology a Star topology requires that more thought be put into its setup

Channels
Channels - the links by which data or voice are transmitted between sending and receiving devices in a network
twisted wires coaxial cable fiber-optic cable wireless
microwave satellite

Transmission Speeds
M ed iu m
T w iste dW ire M icrow a ve S a te llite C oa x ia lC a ble F ibe r-O ptic C a ble

S p eed
300 bps-10 M bps 256 K bps-100 M bps 256 K bps-100 M bps 56 K bps-200 M bps 500 K bps-10 G bps

C o s t
Low

H igh

Signals
To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals. Signals can be of two types: Analog signals Digital signals

Analog Signal
1 0

Digital Signal
1 1 1

Analog Signals
An analog signal has infinitely many levels of intensity over a period of time. As the wave moves from value A to value B, it passes through and includes an infinite number of values along its path as it can be seen in the figure below. A simple analog signal is a sine wave that cannot be further decomposed into simpler signals

Digital Signals
A digital is a signal that has discrete values. The signal will have value that is not continuous Information in a digital signal can be represented in the form of voltage levels. In the signal , a 1 is represented by a positive voltage and a 0 is represented by a Zero voltage.

Protocol
A Protocol is defined as a set of rules that governs data communications A protocol defines what is to be communicated, how it is to be communicated and when it is to be communicated A Protocol is one of the components of a data communications system. Without protocol communication cannot occur. The

sending device cannot just send the data and expect the receiving
device to receive and further interpret it correctly

Data Communication Frameworks

Two major data communication frameworks have been developed to help ensure that networks meet business and communication requirements:
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite

OSI Reference Model in Practice

The OSI reference model is used in many ways: To provide assistance when troubleshooting network problems To provide a common terminology and framework for networking technology developers To facilitate the development of connectivity standards needed for flexible open architectures To enable the development of protocol stacks that allow network nodes to communicate with one another

The OSI Model

THE OSI MODEL LAYER LAYER LAYER LAYER LAYER LAYER LAYER 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
LAYER 7 APPLICATION The visual interface level between the user and the network, or computer. (Ex Word, Excel, Access, Email) LAYER 6-- PRESENTATION This layer is responsible for converting the visual interface into a code that is then sent through the computer or network. For example, this layer may convert ASCII code (what many applications like Word use) to an 8-bit code. LAYER 5 SESSION This layer keeps track of whose turn it is to receive traffic, basically it is a dialog control. This is the level that acknowledges receipt of a transmission as well as sends the message to the network. LAYER 4 TRANSPORT All streams of data are received and combined into one single stream so that data may be sent through the network. Multiplexing and demultiplexing occurs on this layer.

The OSI Model

THE OSI MODEL LAYER LAYER LAYER LAYER LAYER LAYER LAYER 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
BOTTOM/LOWER LAYERS LAYER 3 NETWORK
On this level the router exists to determine if the message is meant for the system or if it needs to be redirected to its final destination. This is done by a header system, which is programmed to accept or reject depending if the header is the one used by the network. LAYER 2 DATA LINK There is where a check of the message occurs. That is the message is checked for the proper frame, formation, synchronization, power level, voltage, and wavelength. If the test is a successful, the message is sent to the network layer to determine if the message is truly meant for the system. LAYER 1 PHYSICAL Where the actual physical makeup of the message is identified. That is the duration of bits, the right number of bits, and the right wavelength is checked. As with the other two layers, if this test is successful, the message is sent up the chain.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

The TCP/IP suite provides insights into the inner workings of the Internet Like the OSI model, the TCP/IP suite is layered
Because the protocols found at each layer are independent of those at the other layers, a given protocol can be modified without affecting those found at other layers TCP/IP layers and layer-specific protocols are illustrated in next slide

Networking and Internetworking Devices

Connecting Devices

Networking Devices

Internetworking Devices

Repeaters

Bridges

Routers

Gateways

Connecting Devices

Hub

Repeater

Extend the physical length No network function has been changed Location is matter

Function of repeater

Repeater is not exactly as same as Amplifier

Hub

Actually is a multiport repeater Star / Tree Topology

Bridge
Divide a large network into smaller segment Isolating and controlling the link problems (e.g. congestion) Regenerate signal + Checking Physical Address and forward only to the specified segment

Function of a bridge

Routers
Act like stations on a network Definition (Goal)
Learning how to get from here to there." Process of discovering, selecting, and employing paths from one place to another.

Routers in an internet

A gateway

SNA network (IBM) Netware network (Novell)

Switches

Virtual Network

What is VPN?
Virtual Private Network is a type of private network that uses public telecommunication, such as the Internet, instead of leased lines to communicate.

Became popular as more employees worked in remote locations.

Private Networks vs. Virtual Private Networks

Employees can access the network (Intranet) from remote locations.
Secured networks. The Internet is used as the backbone for VPNs Saves cost tremendously from reduction of equipment and maintenance costs.

Video conferencing
Save money and time. Build relationships. Communicate face to face where it would otherwise be impossible. Avoid travels. Teach. Collaborate.

COMPONENTS OF A VIDEO CONFERENCING

Camera

Codec Display Devices

interactive whiteboards

Microphone

Streaming & Archiving Equipment

THANKYOU