Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

Boylestad

Diode Applications

Some of the slides are modified for the consumption of this class Sources used are : 1. Electronic Devices by FLOYD 2. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Boylestad
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Topics
Series Diode Configurations with DC Inputs
Parallel and Series-Parallel Configurations AND/OR Gates

Sinusoidal Inputs; Half-Wave Rectification

Full-Wave Rectification Clippers

Clampers
Zener Diodes

Circuit Analysis
Circuit analysis is the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, every component in the circuit. For dc circuits the components are resistive as the capacitor and inductor show their total characteristics only with varying voltage or current.

Load-Line Analysis
The load line plots all possible combinations of diode current (ID) and voltage (VD) for a given circuit. The maximum ID equals E/R, and the maximum VD equals E.

The point where the load line and the characteristic curve intersect is called the Q-point, which identifies ID and VD for a particular diode in a given circuit.
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Series Diode Configurations

Forward Bias
Constants Silicon Diode: VD = 0.7 V Germanium Diode: VD = 0.3 V Analysis (for silicon) VD = 0.7 V (or VD = E if E < 0.7 V)

VR = E VD
ID = IR = IT = VR / R
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Series Diode Configurations

Reverse Bias
Diodes ideally behave as open circuits

Analysis VD = E VR = 0 V ID = 0 A

Parallel Diode Configurations

V 0.7 V D V V V 0.7 V D1 D2 o V 9.3 V R E V 10 V .7 V D I 28 mA R R .33 k I D1 I D2 28 mA 2 14 mA

Find the current in the circuit.

Solution

LOGIC AND GATE

LOGIC OR GATE

Half-Wave Rectification

The diode conducts only when it is forward biased, therefore only half of the AC cycle passes through the diode to the output.
The DC output voltage is 0.318Vm, where Vm = the peak AC voltage.
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Average DC value of the half-wave rectified signal.

Vdc= Area under the curve over the full cycle/Base

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For your design select an appropriate diode from the data sheet

Si

Si

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Price

1c

2c

3c

4c

5c

6c

7c

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PIV (PRV)
Because the diode is only forward biased for one-half of the AC cycle, it is also reverse biased for one-half cycle.
It is important that the reverse breakdown voltage rating of the diode be high enough to withstand the peak, reverse-biasing AC voltage.

PIV (or PRV) > Vm

Where PIV = Peak inverse voltage
PRV = Peak reverse voltage Vm = Peak AC voltage
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Relationship between Vdc/ Vavg and Vrms

V rms = Vdc / 0.45

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Full-Wave Rectification
The rectification process can be improved by using a full-wave rectifier circuit.
Full-wave rectification produces a greater DC output:

Half-wave: Vdc = 0.318Vm

Full-wave: Vdc = 0.636Vm
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Full-Wave Rectification

Bridge Rectifier
A full-wave rectifier with four diodes that are connected in a bridge configuration

VDC = 0.636Vm
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Full-Wave Rectification

Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier

Requires two diodes and a center-tapped transformer

VDC = 0.636Vm
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Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier Operation

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PIV = Peak inverse voltage

Select the diode

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Summary of Rectifier Circuits

In the center tapped transformer rectifier circuit, the peak AC voltage is the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.
Rectifier Half Wave Rectifier Bridge Rectifier Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier Ideal VDC VDC= 0.318Vm VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm Realistic VDC VDC = 0.318Vm 0.7 VDC = 0.636Vm 2(0.7 V) VDC = 0.636Vm 0.7 V

Vm = the peak AC voltage

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Diode Clippers
The diode in a series clipper clips any voltage that does not forward bias it:
A reverse-biasing polarity A forward-biasing polarity less than 0.7 V (for a silicon diode)

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Biased Clippers
Adding a DC source in series with the clipping diode changes the effective forward bias of the diode.

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Parallel Clippers
The diode in a parallel clipper circuit clips any voltage that forward biases it.
DC biasing can be added in series with the diode to change the clipping level.

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Summary of Clipper Circuits

Reverse Bias

Forward Bias

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Summary of Clipper Circuits

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Summary of Clipper Circuits

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Behavior of a Capacitor

For Charging: +ve terminal of the battery should be connected to positive terminal of the capacitor Discharge: In discharge cycle the + ve terminal of the capacitor will provide the electrons (the electronic current)
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Clampers

A diode and capacitor can be combined to clamp an AC signal to a specific DC level.

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Clamper Circuit Analysis (ideal diode)

For + Ve Half Cycle

Source supply passing through Capacitor is shorted through diode. NO V0

Operation at forward biased, the diode is short circuited (i.e on state). The voltage will be Vo =0 since the current is shorted through the diode and the capacitor is charged up to a voltage V.

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Clamper Circuit Analysis (ideal diode)

Vdc

During reverse biased, the diode is open circuited (i.e. off state). Capacitor behave like a source together with the Battery
The voltage across R = -Vsource+

-Vc = V0 => -V + (-V)= V0 => - 2V

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Clampers

Input

Resulting Output

Output

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Biased Clamper Circuits

The input signal can be any type of waveform such as a sine, square, or triangle wave.

The DC source lets you adjust the DC camping level.

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Effects of Changing the Battery polarity caused the change in signal reference point

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35

V0= 5v

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V0 = 35v

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Zener Diodes
The Zener is a diode that is operated in reverse bias at the Zener Voltage (Vz).
When Vi VZ The Zener is on Voltage across the Zener is VZ Zener current: IZ = IR IRL The Zener Power: PZ = VZIZ When Vi < VZ The Zener is off The Zener acts as an open circuit
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IR

IRL

Zener Resistor Values

If R is too large, the Zener diode cannot conduct because IZ < IZK. The minimum current is given by:

ILmin IR IZK

The maximum value of resistance is:

RLmax

VZ ILmin IL max VL V Z RL RL min

If R is too small, IZ > IZM . The maximum allowable current for the circuit is given by:

The minimum value of resistance is:

RL min

RVZ Vi VZ
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The Basic DC Power Supply

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POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS

Filters
A power supply filter ideally eliminates the fluctuations in the output voltage of a half wave or full-wave rectifier and produces a constant-level dc voltage.

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Effect of filter on output

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The small amount of fluctuation in the filter output voltage is called ripple

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Using Oscilloscope

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