Sludge Treatment

Technische Universitt Dresden
Department of Hydro Science, Institute for Urban Water Management Urban Water Systems
Peter Krebs
12 Sludge Treatment
12.1 Overview 12.2 Thickening 12.3 Biological sludge stabilisation 12.4 Volume reduction 12.5 Sludge disposal
Urban Water Systems
12 Sludge treatment
PK, 2006 - page 1
12 Sludge treatment
12.1 Overview
Urban Water Systems
12 Sludge treatment
PK, 2006 - page 2
Composition of sludge
Predominantly water Micro-organisms
Viruses, pathogens, germs in general

Organic particles, heavily bio-degradable
Organic compounds, inert, adsorpted to sludge flocs

Heavy metals Micro-pollutants, pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupters
All non-degraded compounds extracted from wastewater are found in the sludge
Urban Water Systems 12 Sludge treatment PK, 2006 - page 3
Goals of sludge treatment

Volume reduction Thickening Dewatering
Elimination of pathogenic germs
If used in agriculture as fertiliser or compost
Stabilisation of organic Gas production substances Reduction of dry content Improvement of dewatering Reduction of odour
Recycling of substances
Urban Water Systems
Nutrients, fertiliser Humus Biogas

12 Sludge treatment PK, 2006 - page 4
Overview
Wastewater treatment Primary, secondary, tertiary sludge
Process water
Thickening Hygienisation Stabilisation Thickening
Energy
Biogas Agriculture Disposal site Construction industry Atmosphere

PK, 2006 - page 5
Dewatering
Drying
Gujer (1999)
Urban Water Systems
Incineration
12 Sludge treatment
Sludge Treatment Alternatives
Eckenfelder & Santhanam (1981)

12 Sludge treatment
12.2 Thickening
Urban Water Systems
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PK, 2006 - page 7
Thickening by Gravity
Gravitative separation, similar to settling tank
Additional mechanic stirring to enhance flocculation and extraction of water and gas
Supernatant is introduced to primary clarifier or if floatables and grease contents are high to grid chamber Thickened sludge is withdrawn from hopper and introduced to sludge treatment For an efficient thickening process the development of gas bubbles must be prevented
Gravity Thickener
Inflow Scum scimmer
Sludge liquor Picket fence
Thickened sludge
Thickening by Flotation
Pre treatment: mostly chemical flocculation
Slude is placed in contact with air-saturated water (full flow or recycle pressurization)
Air bubbles attach to solid particles lower specific gravity than water Floating Sludge bubble composite is collected at the surface
Water is recovered under a scum baffle and removed
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Thickening by Flotation
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Flotation unit
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PK, 2006 - page 12
12 Sludge treatment
12.3 Biological sludge stabilisation
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PK, 2006 - page 13
Anaerobic mesophilic sludge stabilisation

Digester Heated to 33 37C process rates are higher
Content of digester is mixed Sludge and water obtain a similar residence time
Storage unit Not heated little biological activity Not mixed separation of sludge and process water, which is directed to WWTP Control of loading to WWTP, app. 10% of N-loading Further thickening
Processes in digester
Anaerobic degradation
2 C5H7NO 2 8 H2O 5 CH4 3 CO2 2 NH 2 HCO 4 3
Degradation of organic substances of app. 50%
Biogas production: 63% CH4 (Methane) 35% CO2 2% other gases (N2, H2, H2S)
electricity and heating Organic nitrogen is converged to NH4+ N-loading of WWTP
Characteristic values of digester

Mean residence time of sludge
Small units, badly mixed

Medium size units with mixing Large plants with mixing Biogas production related to degradation of organic substances Degradation of organic substances
< 30 d
20 d 12 16 d 0.9 m3 / kg VSSdegr. 40 55%
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Simultaneous aerobic sludge stabilisation

No primary clarifier no primary sludge
High sludge age SRT, app. 25 d

Activated sludge tank is larger than that combined with an anaerobic sludge stabilisation No biogas production
Possibly combined with storage or thickener unit Stable and simple operation
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12 Sludge treatment
12.4 Volume reduction
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PK, 2006 - page 18
Volume reduction
Water content in stabilised sludge > 95% ! Reduction of water content and volume Sludge volume
VS VDS VW VDS WVS

relative volume VS /VDS
With water content
VW VS
1 VDS VS 1 W
25 20 15 10 5 0 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
non-linear relation!
Urban Water Systems
Water content W
12 Sludge treatment PK, 2006 - page 19
Volume reduction
50 45 40 35
Thickening Dewatering Drying
mass [t] (volume [m])
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 dry matter [%] 12 Sludge treatment 70 80 90 100

PK, 2006 - page 20
Water Dry matter
Urban Water Systems
Dewatering
Conditioning with flocculation agents (poly-electrolytes) for efficient dewatering
W > 0.7 > 0.6 DS < 0.3 0.4
Unit Decanter Chamber filter press (large plants) Belt filter press (small plants)
Operation Continuous Batch-wise
Method Centrifuge Hydraulic pressure through plates in water-tight chambers Pressed between two filter belts around staggered rollers
12 Sludge treatment
continuous
> 0.7
0.3
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PK, 2006 - page 21
Drying bed
Thin sludge layer (< 20 cm) Sand layer as drainage and filter layer Sludge is first dewatered by drainage then air-dried through evaporation
Applicable for small plants

Dimensioning W 0.55 (Imhoff, 1990)
Plant type
Only mechanical treatment Trickling filter
Specific surface
13 PE/m2 6 PE/m2
Activated sludge plant

Urban Water Systems 12 Sludge treatment
4 PE/m2
PK, 2006 - page 22
Drying
Vaporisation of water content Partial drying Full drying W 0.3 0.4 W down to < 0.1
Contact drying over heated areas Drying by convection through hot air counter-current inlet app. 600C, outlet app. 300C (Imhoff, 1999)
For large plants

Disposal is critical: fire, dust explosion In granulate form as fertiliser
12 Sludge treatment
12.5 Sludge disposal
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PK, 2006 - page 24
Use in agriculture
Recycling of nutrients, from stabilised sludge
Sludge treatment Liquid sludge Dewatered sludge Dried sludge
*
Fertiliser* P- and N-fertiliser P-fertiliser, N as storage product P-fertiliser
Limit re. over-fertilisation
Problems Acceptance Heavy metals Micro-pollutants, pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors

Composting
Aerobic biological degradation of organic substances
Prerequisites
Stabilisation Dewatering Hygienisation
Approach
Structure means: straw, wood, saw dust, wood chips Mixture app. 1:1
Water content app. 0,65

Requirements are more demanding than for sludge use as fertiliser!
Incineration
Use of energy content, but not of nutrients Mono incineration (sludge exclusively) Calorific value of sludge high enough no biogas use before, no stabilisation Water content not minimised (no full drying) Fluidised bed incinerator, incineration at 800 950C in fluidised sand bed Expensive!
Co- incineration
In coal power station
In solid waste incinerators In cement production, ash is bounded to cement


Sludge Treatment

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Sludge Treatment

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Technische Universitt Dresden

Urban Water Systems

PK, 2006 - page 1

Urban Water Systems

PK, 2006 - page 2

Viruses, pathogens, germs in general

Organic compounds, inert, adsorpted to sludge flocs

Goals of sludge treatment

Elimination of pathogenic germs

If used in agriculture as fertiliser or compost

Nutrients, fertiliser Humus Biogas

Thickening Hygienisation Stabilisation Thickening

Biogas Agriculture Disposal site Construction industry Atmosphere