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A data network is a group of computers connected by a network medium. The network medium carries signals between computers. Signals reduce complex information to the simplest possible form. Computers communicate by using a language called a protocol.
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Protocol Services
Packet acknowledgment Segmentation Flow control Error detection Error correction Data compression Data encryption
A Protocol Stack
Protocol Interaction
A local area network (LAN) is a collection of computers located in a relatively small area and connected by a common medium. The pattern in which computers in a LAN are connected is called the topology. LAN topologies include bus, star, and ring. The defining protocols for a LAN are the datalink layer protocols.
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Packet Switching
Backbone Network
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On a client/server network, computers function as either clients or servers. On a peer-to-peer network, computers can function as both clients and servers. Microsoft Windows, UNIX, and Linux are peer-to-peer operating systems. Novell NetWare is a client/server operating system.
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Data Encapsulation
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The network medium How the network is installed The type of signaling Cables Network interface adapters (also called network interface cards, or NICs) Hubs
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Ethernet Token Ring Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
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Frame format Media Access Control (MAC) mechanism Physical layer specifications Hardware addressing Error detection and correction Protocol identification
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Internet Protocol (IP) Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) AppleTalk Addressing Fragmenting Routing Protocol identification
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) IPX NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) Packet acknowledgment Data segmentation Flow control Error detection
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transfer syntax. 2. The sender transmits data to the receiver. 3. The receiver translates transfer syntax to it in abstract syntax.
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Post Office Protocol, Version 3 (POP3) Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
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Computers communicate by using languages called protocols. Protocols provide services to other protocols operating above and below them. A LAN uses a common network medium to connect computers in a relatively small area. A WAN uses an external network provider to connect LANs. Broadband networks carry multiple signals at once, while baseband networks carry only one signal. A backbone network connects segments together, forming an internetwork. Most operating systems today use the peer-to-peer model, which allows computers to function as both clients and servers.
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Physical
Data-link Network Transport Session Presentation Application