UMTS Theory

Difference Between 2G and 3G SIM Cards

A regular SIM come with the 32KB of SIM memory that sufficient to handle data on 2G network. 3G network use more channels and very much faster than 2G thus it required more memory on SIM card to handle 3G network data follow to process high speed data just like cache memory so 3G SIM has memory of 128 KB. That is the main difference otherwise there is not other differences.

Network Architecture

Single Frequency Network

GSM900/1800:

3G (WCDMA):

Channel Element in UMTS Network CE resources are a type of NodeB hardware resource. The number of CEs supported by single NodeB indicates the capacity resource of the NodeB. Services at different rates require different numbers of CEs to ensure proper CEs are classified into uplink (UL) CEs and downlink (DL) CEs.

CDMA Application

Users are distinguished by scrambling codes and OVSF codes Self-interference system CDMA system is restricted to interference (GSM system is restricted to frequency resources)

BS2 BS1

Freq. 1
Code D

Freq. 1

Countering Fading
P(f) P(f)
Fading

Narrowband System
Transmit Signal

Received Signal

P(f)

P(f)

Fading

Broadband System
Transmit Signal

f
Received Signal

Function of OVSF Code

Downlink: distinguish different radio channels from the same NodeB.

OC3, OC4 OC1, OC2 OC5, OC6, OC7

Uplink: distinguish different radio channels from the same UE.

OC1, OC2 OC1 , OC2, OC3 OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4

Function of Scrambling code

Downlink: distinguish different Cells Uplink: distinguish different UEs

Cell Site 1 transmits using PN code 1

PN1

PN1

PN3

PN4

Cell Site 2 transmits using PN code 2

PN2

PN2

PN5

PN6

Concept of orthogonal code

Code1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1
Code2 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 Mul

Code1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1
Code2 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 Mul Sum

-1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1

+1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -2 Non-orthogonal

Sum

0
Orthogonal

Orthogonal the result of multiplying and sum is 0

Why CDMA system is a self interference system?

Since all the users use orthogonal code, where does the self interference come from? Comes from the code error during the transfer. If there are some code error on one users information, it misses some orthogonal to others. Then interference comes.

Additional Slide :: Data rates w.r.t SF

Spreading code & scrambling code

cch1

Air Interface

cch 2

cscrambling

Modulation

Code channelspread code

cch 3

Relative to service rateextended to 3.84Mchips/s A kind of orthogonal code

Have no effect on signal bandwidth Downlink for identifier celluplink identifier terminal A pseudo-random sequence

Code scramblingscrambling code

Modulation Methods in UMTS

BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels 16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA

Coverage/capacity VS Data Rate

Higher data rate needs higher power High data rate transmission is only available nearby the station

Coverage decrease

>384 kbps >144 kbps >64 kbps

Subscriber num increase

>12.2 kbps

Cell Breathing Effect

Cell breathing is one of the means for load control

The purpose of cell breathing is to share the load of hotspot cell with the light loaded neighbor cells, therefore to improve the utilization of system capacity.

Example for load control

Cell Breathing Effect

With the increase of activated terminals and the increase of high speed services, interference will increase. The cell coverage area will shrink. Coverage blind spot occurs Drop of call will happen at the edge of cell

Coverage and capacity are interrelated

Radio Measurements
Active Set:
The set of radio links simultaneously involved in the communication between a UE and a NodeB is called ActiveSet. Up to three radio links can be included in the active set. In addition to measuring and evaluating the radio links (or cells) in the active set, the UE also continuously monitors and evaluates the signals from other surrounding cells.

The Monitored Set are together with the active set the cells that the WCDMA RAN explicitly orders the UE to measure on, which normally are the defined neighbors to the cells in the active set

The Detected Set contains all cells that the UE detects that are not part of the active or monitored sets

Radio Measurements

Channels in UMTS

 UMTS
WCDMA FDD (Widely Used)
Frequency-division duplexing (FDD) means that the transmitter and receiver operate at different carrier frequencies. WCDMA TDD

Time-division duplexing (TDD) is the application of time-division multiplexing to separate outward and return signals. A single Band 5MHz is used for both uplink and downlink transmission.

Channels Characteristics

Logical Channels

Logical Channels

Transport Channels

Physical Channels

Downlink Physical Channels

Uplink Physical Channels

Transport Formats / Configurations

Transport Block (TB)

Basic unit of data exchanged between L1 & MAC for L1 processing

Transport Block Size: Number of bits in a TB. Transport Block Set (TBS)
A set of TBs exchanged between L1 and MAC at the same time instant using the same transport channel

Transport Block Set Size: Number of bits in a TBS Transmission Time Interval (TTI)
Periodicity at which a TBS is transferred by the physical layer on to the radio interface - {10, 20, 40, 80 ms} MAC delivers one TBS to the physical layer every TTI

Dr. A. Chockalingam

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

69

Transport Formats / Configurations

Transport Format (TF)

Format offered by L1 to MAC (and vice versa) for the delivery of a TBS during a TTI on a given transport channel (TrCH) Dynamic part (TB size, TBS size) Semi-static part (TTI, type/rate of coding,size of CRC) TB size, TBS size, TTI define the TrCH bit rate before L1 processing
e.g., TB size = 336 bits (320 bit payload + 16 bits RLC header) TBS size = 2 TBs per TTI, TTI = 10 ms DCH Bit rate (with RLC header) = 336*2/10 = 67.2 Kbps User Bit rate (without RLC header) = 320*2/10 = 64 Kbps

Variable bit rate can be achieved by changing (between TTIs) either the TBS size only, or both the TB size and TBS Size

Transport Format Set (TFS)

a set of TFs associated with a TrCH semi-static part of all TFs in a TFS is the same
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 70

Transport Formats / Configurations

Transport Format Combination (TFC)

Multiple TrCHs each having a TF Authorized combination of the currently valid TFs that can be submitted to L1 on a CCTrCH, containing one TF from each TrCH

Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS)

A set of TFCs on a CCTrCH. Produced by RNC TFCS is given to MAC by L3 for control MAC chooses between the different TFCs specified in the TFCS MAC has control over only the dynamic part of the TFs. Semi-static part relates to QoS (e.g., quality) and is controlled by RNC admission control Bit rate can be changed quickly by MAC with no need to L3 signaling

Transport Format Indicator (TFI)

A label for a specific TF within a TFS. Used between MAC and L1

Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI)

Used to inform the receiving side of the currently valid TFC
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 71

Transport Formats / Configurations

Transport Format Combination (TFC) DCH1

TB
TTI

TB TTI
Transport Block Set (TBS)

TB
TTI

TB
TB DCH2 TB TB TTI Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS)
72

TB
TTI

TB TTI

Transport Format Set (TFS)

Dr. A. Chockalingam

Transport Format (TF)

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

TFI and TFCI (Transmitter)

E.g: Two transport channels mapped to a single physical channel Transport Chl 1 Transport Block Higher Layer TFI Transport Block Transport Chl 2 Transport Block TFI Transport Block
This dotted line represents the Iur interface in case of NW side

Physical Layer

TFCI
Physical Control Chl

Coding and Multiplexing

Physical Data Chl

DPCCH (Q-Chl)
Dr. A. Chockalingam

DPDCH (I-Chl)
73

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

TFI and TFCI (Receiver)

Transport Chl 1 Transport Block & EI Higher Layer TFI Transport Block & EI TFI Transport Chl 2 Transport Block & EI Transport Block & EI EI: Error Indication

Physical Layer

TFCI Decode
Physical Control Chl

Decoding and Demultiplexing

Physical Data Chl

DPCCH (Q-Chl)
Dr. A. Chockalingam

DPDCH (I-Chl)
74

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

TFI and TFCI

Each transport channel is accompanied by a TFI at each time event at which data is expected to arrive from HL

Physical layer combines the TFI info from different transport channels to the TFCI
TFCI is sent on the DPCCH to inform the receiver about the instantaneous transport format combination of the transport channels mapped to the U/L DPDCH transmitted simultaneously

Dr. A. Chockalingam

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

75

DPCCH has 10 bits in Timeslot so fixed rate of 15kbps on 256 spreading factor.

DPCH is time multiplex of DPCCH and DPDCH

CPICH

http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/frequ encies.htm
Channel Primary SCH Synchronisation acquired Note Chip, Slot, Symbol Synchronisation 256 chips The same in all cells 15-code sequence of secondary synchronisation codes. There are 16 secondary synchronisation codes. There are 64 S-SCH sequences corresponding to the 64 scrambling code groups 256 chips, different for different cells and slot intervals To find the primary scrambling code from common pilot CH Fixed 30 kbps channel 27 kbps rate spreading factor 256 Carries FACH and PCH channels Variable bit rate

Secondary SCH

Frame Synchronisation, Code Group (one of 64)

Common Pilot CH

Scrambling code (one of 8) Super Frame Synchronisation, BCCH info

PCCPCH *)

SCCPCH **)

Thanks