Support System

8.1 SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

 The skeletal system : Bones Cartilage : a strong flexible tissue found in the joint parts of the bones Tendons : a strong tissue which connects the muscles to the bones Ligaments : strong tissue connecting the bones together in the joint parts and supports the muscles

Support system

Types of skeletal Systems

There are 3 types of skeletal systems : 1) Endoskeleton : (human, animal / land & Aquatic vertebrates) a supporting framework of bones or other structures located inside the body 2) Exoskeleton : (invertebrates) hard outer skin or shell 3) Hydrostatic skeleton : (invertebrates) a support provided by fluids under pressure in the body cavity.

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

VERTEBRATE

INVERTEBRATE

LAND

WATER/ AQUATIC

LAND

WATER

ENDOSKELETON

EXOSKELETON

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

The skeletons of land vertebrates

The skeletons of land vertebrates have two sections : 1) Axial skeletons : Skull, backbone, rib cage 2) Appendicular skeleton : Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Support system for vertebrates

Each species has their own special structure according to their different habitat and lifestyles. For example : i) Cats & horses - have backbones which are curved upward or downwards to support muscles attached to the backbones i) Lion & tiger -have skeletons with powerful bones to run fast -have rigid and thick bones to adapt their habitat i) Elephants -require a big and strong skeleton structure to support their weight

Function of support systems in land vertebrates

To support the weight of the body Provide a frame to retain the shape and structure of the body To protect some internal organs such as brain, heart, lungs and spinal cord from injury Help body to move Contains and protect the bone marrow Provide a storage area for salts such as calcium

Aquatic vertebrates
Water helps sea creatures support their weight The bones of aquatic vertebrate animals contain more cartilage than land vertebrates Cartilage makes the bone structure more flexible and allows the aquatic animals to move through the water at high speeds

Function of support systems in aquatic vertebrates

Giving shape & structure Providing protection Enabling movement Red blood cell production Storing salts

The differences between dolphin and shark is that they have different appendicular and swims differently Dolphin - Swims with an up and down movements of its posterior - Horizontal tail is suitable for this movement Shark - swims with a sideway movement of its whole body and needs a vertical tail

Aquatic vertebrate
AQUATIC VERTEBRATES AQUATIC MAMMAL AQUATIC REPTILES FISH

DOLPHIN

WHALES

SEA TURTLES

FISH WITH BONE SKELETONS

FISH WITH CARTILAGE SKELETONS

95% OF FISH

SHARK

SKATES

RAYS

Skeleton systems for aquatic vertebrates

Comparing the support systems in land and aquatic vertebrates

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LAND AND AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

GIVE SHAPE & STRUCTURE

ALLOW TO MOVE

CONSIST OF THE SKULL, THE AXIAL SKELETON & THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS FROM INJURY

CONTAINS & PROTECT THE BONE MARROW

STORE SALTS SUCH AS CALCIUM

The differences of support systems in land and aquatic vertebrates

Feature Land vertebrate Less Low Stronger & heavier Elastic cartilage Flexibility Bones

Aquatic vertebrate More High Weaker & lighter

Visceral skeleton

No

Yes

Support systems in Animal

8.2 SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS

VARIOUS SUPPORT IN WOODY PLANTS PRIMARY GROWTH SECONDARY GROWTH SIDEWISE ENLARGEMENT IN THE DIAMETER OF THE STEM

GROWTH IN THE LENGTH OF THE ROOTS & STEMS

GROWING RING SHAPED REGION CALLED VASCULAR CAMBIUM PRODUCE 2 TISSUE

PHLOEM

XYLEM

TRANSPORTS FOOD IN THE PLANTS

FORMS THE BARK OF OUTSIDE OF THE PLANT

FORMS TRANSPORTS HARDWOOD WATER OF THE INSIDE & MINERAL OF THE PLANT

STORY OF THE RING : During spring and summer new xylem cells are produced

XYLEM CELLS

SPRING (SPRINGWOOD)

SUMMER (SUMMERWOOD)

LARGE SIZE

LIGHT COLOUR

SMALL SIZE

DARK COLOUR

The sum of the springwood & summerwood is called annual ring

ANNUAL RING Can determine

THE AGE OF THE TREE = NUMBER OF ANNUAL RING

THE AMOUNT OF RAINFALL THOSE YEARS

DAMAGES DUE TO FIRE

Growth and support in woody plants

ROOTS PROVIDE SUPPORT BY ANCHORING THE PLANTS

BUTTRESS ROOTS

PROP ROOTS

STILT ROOTS

STRANGLING ROOTS

Non-woody plants
NON-WOODY PLANTS

HERBACEOUS PLANTS

STEM

TURGIDITY

TENDRILS

Comparisons of woody and non-woody plants

Feature Vascular structure arrangement Surface Support Woody plants Rings Hard & Rough Hard woody stem Can grow old Can grow large Non-woody plants Bundles Soft & fleshly Water pressure & strength of xylem Usually dies in winter Cannot grow large

Age Size

Aquatic plants
AQUATIC PLANTS

FLOATING WITH AIR SACS

ROOTED TO THE SEDIMENT SOIL

EXAMPLES :

EXAMPLES :

8.3 Appreciating the support systems in living things

Appreciating the support systems in living things

Animal -need support systems to keep our body in shape -enables us to move properly and freely -running, slithering and swimming
Plant -need support systems for standing upright, better exposure to sunlight, flower production & dispersion of seeds -Support tissue : i. to perform nastic or tropic movement ii. Protect important tissues & other tissues like the phloem in the plant

EXERCISE
GIVE THE EXAMPLE OF ANIMALS FOR THE TYPE OF SUPPORT SYSTEM GIVEN IN FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1

EXERCISE
COMPLETE THE DIAGRAM BELOW WITH SUITABLE ANSWER