ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Rasel Nirjhon
Tangail, Bangladesh
Cell: +8801716 651 652
 What is Environmental
Engineering?
 EE is the study of environmental, social and economic
aspects & impacts of development for decision making,
for mitigating plan of adverse impacts, and for making
follow up monitoring mechanisms to secure compliance.

Scope of EE
•Who is concerned?
•What are their concerns?
•Why are they concerned?
•What is the effect of concern when changes become
unacceptable?
 Why EE is Important?
Ø To identify adverse (physical, biological,
cultural & socio-economic impacts &
potential alternatives
Ø Avoid or mitigate adverse environmental,
social & cultural impacts
Ø Better planning
Ø Reduce costs
Ø Avoid loss of resources
Ø
 What is Environment?
Ø In simple term, we can say the
surroundings around us such as air ,
water, soil, dwellings, plants, animals etc.
Ø Environment consists of:
 - Abiotic factor : Non-living physical &
chemical factors which affect the ability of
living things to survive and reproduce.
Example: Light, temperature, soil, climate,

water, air ( O2, CO2), rainfall, minerals,

natural disasters

- Biotic factor: Living components of the
environment such as plants, animals, humans,
microorganisms


Natural environment
Flora & Fauna, human beings, minerals, water,

land, air etc.



Man-made (Built) environment

Constructed surroundings that provide the setting

for human activity such as-

Building, roads, electricity, water supply, gas etc.
 Types of Environment



Ø Physical Environment: Topography, geology,

hydrology, climate, river system, natural
drainage system, surface and groundwater

qualities, air and noise qualities.



Ø Biological Environment: Wetland and terrestrial

flora and fauna, human being, organisms
Ø

Ø Socio-economic Environment: Population and

demographic characteristics; education;
economy and employment; water, sanitation
and waste disposal facilities; health status

 Environmental Factors

Ø
Ø Ecological : Fisheries,
aquatic plants, wetlands, bushes
and trees, animal, species diversity, endangered
species
Ø
Ø

ysico-chemical : Erosion
and siltation, flooding, drainage congestion, air
pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, dust, visual &
landscape
Ø
Ø Human Interest Related and Social: Loss of agricultural land
 Effect of environment on living being
Ø Air, water & land may host harmful biological & chemical
agents that affect the health of human being
Ø Environmental problems are grouped under urban, rural,
industrial and natural categories.
Ø Urban environmental problems are air, water, noise, waste
etc.
Ø Rural environmental problems are done through chemical
fertilizers and pesticides use, forest & wetlands
converting into poor quality agricultural lands,
embankment construction disrupts inflow of sediments
& nutrients, migration of fish
Ø Industries dump toxic chemical effluents into water body
Ø Natural environmental problems are arsenic poisoning,
saline water intrusion, deforestation, destruction of
habitats, depletion of renewable & non-renewable
resources, desertification

 Environmental impacts of human activities

Human activity Environmental impacts

Urbanization High population density
Slum development

High demand of utility services

Industrialization Air, soil & water pollution
Air, water & land pollution
Depletion of minerals and fossil fuel
Traffic congestion, noise pollution
High demand of energy & water
Ground water depletion
Waste generation
Large volume of solid waste
Thermal pollution
Human activity Environmental impacts
Deforestation Loss of habitat/ biodiversity
Changes in local ecology

Changes in micro-climate
Intensive agriculture Water, soil & air pollution
Loss of carbon sink
Organic waste & GHG emission
Soil erosion
Land degradation
Less water retention
Bio-accumulation of toxic substances
Increased flooding
from herbicides & pesticides
Depletion of Ground water

Loss of soil productivity

Human activity Environmental impacts
Development projects Conversion of forest, agricultural & wet
land
Removal of human settlements

Blockage of natural drainage/ water

logging
Morphological changes of river system

Increased demand for water, energy &

transport
Destruction of unique natural features &

scenic beauty
 Water supply
Ø Safe
Ø Adequate
Ø Accessible

•Importance & Development of water supply

üWithout water life on earth would not exist

üDifficult to imagine clean & sanitary environment
üHealth problems related to inadequacy of water supply
üInfant mortality rate is high due to unsafe water supply
 Sources of Water
Ø 97.2 percent in ocean
Ø 2.09 percent in icecaps & glaciers
Ø 0.6 percent ground water
Ø 0.11 percent runoff & surface water
[ 97.2% of water on the earth is salt water,

2/3 of fresh water (2.8%) is frozen in

glaciers and polar ice caps.]



The Hydrologic Cycle
 Water requirements
Ø Drinking
Ø Cooking & Preparation of food
Ø Bathing, cleaning, washing & personal hygiene
Ø Watering in gardens
Ø Water of livestock
Ø Sanitation
Ø Loss & wastage
Factors influencing per capita consumption

Ø Population distribution
Ø Climatic conditions
Ø Quality of water
Ø Pressure of water
Ø Water rates and metering
Ø Nature of supply
Ø Water source
Ø Availability of alternative source
Ø Sanitation
 Basic requirements of drinking water
Ø Be completely free from pathogenic microorganisms
Ø No element in concentration that cause health impact
Ø Be fairly clear and aesthetically attractive ( low turbidity &
color)
Ø Not to be saline
Ø Contain no compounds that cause offensive odor & taste
Ø Not cause corrosion, scale formation, discoloring or
staining
Ø Not have a temperature unsuitable for consumption
 Elements of water supply
Ø Source of supply : surface water ( rivers, reservoirs,
lakes, canals, ponds) ground water ( Shallow &
deep aquifers), rain water Quantity, quality & cost
Ø Collection system : dug well, tube well, pump facilities,
rain water collection
Ø Treatment : Sedimentation, filtration, aeration,
chemical, disinfection etc.
Ø Distribution: Individual/communal/piped/stand
post/storage reservoir, pumping devices
 Aquifers and Confining beds
Ø Unsaturated zone
 Contains both water and air in the voids
Ø Saturated zone
 All voids are full of water
Ø Water table
 Boundary between the saturated and
unsaturated zone
Ø Aquifer
 is a saturated geological formation that will yield
a usable quantity of water to a well or spring
Ø
Ø Confined aquifer
 is a geologic bed which is relatively
impermeable and does not yield usable
quantities of water. It restricts the
movements of ground water into and out
of adjacent aquifer.
Ø Unconfined aquifer
 It has no confining bed above it and is
usually open to infiltration from the
surface.

Recharge
Is the process by which ground water is replenished.

Discharge
The ground water leaves the aquifer and flows to the surface
 Ground water supply
Ø Aquifer
The soil strata which contains ground water and

readily yield it to wells are called aquifers.

Ø Permeability
The measure of the capacity of an aquifer to transmit

water
Darcy’s law

V= K * i

V= Velocity of flow, i= Hydraulic gradient

K= Co-efficient of permeability

 Diameter of circle of Influence = 2R

Ground surface


Water table
Well radius = r
x
Draw down curve dy D-d
dx Drawdown
D

y
d

Impervious layer

Unconfined steady flow


Q = A* V , Well discharge, m3/d
V = K * I , K= Coefficient of permeability, m/d
Q= K * A * I D = depth of the aquifer,m
I = dy/dx d = static head, m
A= 2Пxy R = radius of circle of influence,m
Q = 2KПxy dy/dx r = radius of well,m
Q dx/x = 2ПKy dy

By integration Q Log x = П Ky2+ C

e
y=d at x=r and y=D at x=R
Q = П K (D2 – d2)


Loge (R/r)
 Diameter of circle of Influence = 2R

Ground surface


Piezometric surface
Well radius = r
x
Depressed
Piezometric surface dy D-d
dx Drawdown
D
Confining layer
y

d
m

Impervious layer

Confined steady flow

Ø


 2ПKm(D-d)
Q=
Loge R/r
m = thickness of the confined aquifer

Q = The rate of flow of an artesian well sunk

in a confined aquifer
 Classification of water pollution
q Pollution by putrescible materials (Oxygen demanding
waste)
q Pollution by heated effluents (Thermal pollution)
q Pollution by toxic materials (Pathogens)
q Pollution by inert materials
q Pollution by radio-active materials
q Pollution by pesticides
q Pollution by PCB
q Pollution by oil spills
q Pollution by heavy metals
q Pollution by nutrients
q Pollution by salts
 Control of water pollution
q Plain Sedimentation
q Filtration
q Disinfection
q Chemical coagulation
q Chemical oxidation
q Carbon adsorption
q Ion exchange
q Electrolysis
q Reverse osmosis
 Plain sedimentation
Ø Particle having specific gravity > 1 tends
to move downward with a settling
velocity.
Ø According to Stoke’s law
g = acceleration due to gravity
‫ץ‬2 S = specific gravity of particle
 vs =18
g(S-1) d D = dia of particle (discrete particle , d<0.1 cm)
Reynold’s no. 1 or less
‫ = ץ‬kinematic viscosity of water
ØAccording to Newton’s law
When d > 1cm and Reynold’s no. >2000
Vs = 4g (S-1)d CD = Newton’s co-efficient of drag
√
3CD
 Ø Settling
velocity depends on :
üHorizontal flow velocity of water
üShape & size of the particle
üSpecific gravity of the particle
üViscosity of water
üDensity of water
üTemperature of water
Outflow
Inflow Settling zone

Treated water
Raw water
Flow

Sludge
 Disinfection
Ø The purpose of destruction of pathogenic
microorganisms
Ø Physical disinfection
 - Boiling
 - Ultraviolet rays
 - Sunlight
Ø Chemical disinfection
 - Chlorination
 - Ozonization
 - Iodine & bromine
 - Potassium permanganate