BASICS OF SATCOM-2

KC.SHARMA

Satellite Block Diagram

SOLAR PANELS

STORAGE BATTERIES

POWER CONDITIONER

COMMAND AND TELEMETRY SUBSYSTEM

TRANSPONDERS ANTENNA SUBSYSTEM ANTENNAS

POSITION CONTROL SUBSYSTEM

Transponder - the frequency conversion and amplification part of the satellite

Satellite Frequencies and Transponders

Uplink - The signal from the earth antenna to the satellite. Downlink - The signal from the satellite to the earth station

Satellite Frequencies and Transponders (contd.,)

RECEIVE SIGNAL (UPLINK) RECEIVER (LNA) FREQUENCY CONVERTER TRANSMITTER (HPA) TRANSMIT SIGNAL (DOWNLINK)

TRANSPONDER

Low Noise Amplifier(LNA) -amplifies the uplink signal Frequency Converter -converts the incoming signal to the downlink frequency.(The uplink and downlink signals must differ to avoid conflicts with each other.

High Power Amplifier(HPA) -Amplifies the signal to be rebroadcast.

Frequency Assignments For Satellite Systems

UPLINK FREQUENCIES 5. GHz 925-6.425 GHz 14.00-14.50

DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES
3.700-4.200 GHz 11.70-12.20GHz

BANDS

C Ku(IN THE U.S.)

14 GHz (UPLINK)

RECEIVER (LNA)

14 GHz

FREQUENCY CONVERTER

11.7 GHz

TRANSMITTER (HPA)

11.7 GHz (DOWNLINK)

TRANSPONDER

The difference between the uplink and downlink frequency is called the delta

Inroutes And Outroutes

ISBN OUT ROUTE

ISBN HUB

ISBN REMOTE

ISBN IN ROUTE

ISBN HUB

ISBN REMOTE

ISBN HUB

ISBN REMOTE

Comparison of C-band and Ku-band

C-band

In the U.S.A., C-band requires an FCC license for each site

C-band is commonly used for satellite transmission outside of the U.S.A.

Ku-band
With very heavy rain,fog, or clouds, the received signal strength falls and the noise increases. Antennas for Ku-band can be smaller than for C-band

Bandwidth Allocation Methods

14.5 GHz

One user is assigned the entire available bandwidth for an infinite amount of time.
14 GHz Time

14.5 GHz

User 5 User 4 User 3 User 2 User 1

14 GHz Time

Allocates a finite amount of bandwidth to one user for an infinite amount of time.

Bandwidth Allocation Methods ( contd.,)

14.5 GHz

Allocates the entire available bandwidth to one user for a finite amount of time.
14 GHz Time

14.5 GHz

14 GHz Time

Allocates a small amount of bandwidth to one user for a short amount of time, allowing many users to share the same bandwidth.

Example of FDMA

Uplink Frequencies

SPECTRUM ANALYZER SCREEN

A B C D

FREQUENCY

Example of TDMA
t3 t4 t2

Uplink Frequencies
t5 t6

t1

ISBN HUB

SPECTRUM ANALYZER SCREEN

Frequency

Frame In a TDMA System

Burst From Station 1 Burst From Station 2 Burst From Station 3 Burst From Station 4

CONTROL

Guard Time Note : Bursts need not be in sequential order

A frame is a time segment that contains data. ( 45msec in ISBN)

A burst is a data transmission on an inroute

Bursts can contain either user data or control data

Slotted Aloha
A B C D E C E

FRAME 1

FRAME 2

FRAME 3

Each burst must begin on one of the time divisions (slots). Any bursts that occur at the same time will collide. These bursts must then be transmitted.

Basic Block Diagram Of An Earth Station

RF
From 70 MHz to 14 GHz

IF U/C
MOD

BB

PA

MUX

TX Users

12 GHz

~ ~
LNA

~
DEMOD
DEMUX

D/C

RX Users

~ ~
From 12 to 70 MHz Frequency Conversion

~
Modem

Baseband equipment

The baseband equipment provides interfaces that allow space link/user protocol conversion. The IF subsystem performs modulation/demodulation The RF subsystem performs IF/RF conversion and signal amplification.

POLNET HUB EQUIPMENT

1. 2. 3. 11 Mtr Antenna 2KW HPA (1+1) Low Noise Amplifier(1+1)

4.
5. 6. 7.

UP Converter (1+1)
Down Convertor Antenna Control Unit Dehtdrator

8.
9.

TDMA Base band Equipment - 5 networks

SCPC Base band equipment

10. SCPC NMS 1+1 11. TDMA NMS- 1+1 (2 sets)

POLNET HUB EQUIPMENT

Exchange VOIP Box 2 nos.

Gatekeeper PC
Audio Broadcast PC/Messaging Router X.25 Switch

UPS
30 KVA 3phase 30 KVA 1 phase 20 KVA 1 phase

2 KW HPA (1+1)
Frequency 5.925 GHz to 6.425 GHz Power O/P- 2000 Watts Main Components- 2 Amplfiers 2 Power Suplies Change over switch Wave Guide Switch Dummy load Amplifier- TWT 2 Kw AC Power input 440 V 3 Phase

Cooling- Forced Air cooling

11 Meter Antenna
11M Parabolic Reflector with Cassegrian feed & Subreflector Frequency of Operation

Trans 5.925-6.425 GHz

Receive 3.7-4.2 GHz Gain VSWR Trans 54 dB 1.3:1 5KW Power Handling Capacity Cross Polarisation 30 dB Receive 51 dB

Polarisation- Linear as well as circular

No. of ports 4 ports

11 Meter Antenna (cont.)

Antenna Diameter Antenna Type Reflector Construction Mount Elevation Azimuth Polarisation Adjustment 11.0 M Cassegrain 24 Panels Stretched formed Aluminium Elevation over Azimuth 5 to 90 deg 90 continuous or 180 in two sectors Manual +/- 90 deg

11 Meter Antenna (cont.)

Antenna Travel rate Azimuth Elevation 0.01 deg/sec 0.02 deg/sec (high speed setting 0.01 deg/sec 0.02 deg/sec (high speed setting

Environmental
Operational: Survival 70 Km/hr 200 Km/hr

Antenna Control Unit (ACU)

Function:- To Keep the antenna pointed towards the satellite at all times by continuosly tracking the beacon signal and rotating the antenna in elevation & azimuth direction automatically/manually in case of any fall in the beacon signal. The unit can also be used to

Shift from one satellite to another satellite.

Main Components Controller

PDU(Power Distribution Unit)

Elevation Actuator with motor Azimuth Actuator with Motor Limit Switches for Azimuth & Elevation

Antenna Control Unit (ACU) Cont..

Elevation Decoder (For Converting mechanical movement into degrees in digital form) Azimuth Decoder (For Converting mechanical movement into degrees in digital form) Block Down Convertor ( For down converting beacon signal coming from satellite into L-band and giving to controller) Operates on single phase AC power and motors operate on 3 phase 440V AC power. Antenna can be rotated manually in small steps. A command for long movement can be given and antenna will move to that location. The geographical position of various satellites can be stored in memory of controllers.

Antenna Control Unit (ACU) Cont

Both the elevation & Azimuth motors have settable fast & slow speeds. The antenna is protected against any damage during motion by the limit switches which switches OFF the motors. The antenna can be rotated manually in Azimuth as well as Elevation by using handle in case of failure of ACU.

DEHYDRATOR
Dehydrator is used to pump dry air into waveguide in trans path & maintain a constant air pressure inside the whole section of waveguide. This prevents the ingress of moisture into the waveguide and avoid any arcing which may take place due to high power. Maintenance free sealed unit operates on 230 volts AC power supply.

UPCONVERTOR
It is used in the transmit chain It converts IF signal to RF signal in C-Band Input Freq. Output Freq 70+18 MHz Settable between 5925-6425MHz

Two Upconvertors connected in 1+1 configuration Both are connected to changeover switch in hotstandby Configuration.

UPCONVERTOR (contd..)
The output of all basebend equipments in IF range is combined and given to IF input of Upconvertor. The RF output is given to HPA

The upconvertor & switch operate on 230V AC supply.

Downconvertor
It is used in the Receive chain It converts RF signal to IF signal in C-Band Output Freq. Input Freq 70+18 MHz Settable between 5925-6425MHz

Two Dnconvertors connected in 1+1 configuration Both are connected to changeover switch in hotstandby Configuration.

Downconvertor (contd..)
The output of LNA in RF range is given to RF input of Dnconvertor. The IF output of downconvertor is given to all Baseband equipments as IF input. The Dnconvertor & switch operate on 230V AC supply

TDMA BASE BAND EQUIPMENT

Consists of 5 separate & independent TDMA network Each network has two racks i.e. Base band rack & IF subsystem rack Base band rack consists Network Control Clusters (1+1) also called NCC2 LAN SLIM (1+1) X25 SLIM (1+1)

IF Subsystem rack consist of

UMOD (1+1) BCD (10+2) NCC2 controls all the functions of the network. It also interfaces with NMS.

TDMA BASE BAND EQUIPMENT

Voice is transmitted using VOIP and LAN SLIM DATA is transmitted using LAN SLIM Messaging is done using X25 SLIM Interconnection between different network for voice & LAN data is done at LAN SLIM & LAN hub. Voice Call switching between different network is done using Gatekeeper. Interconnection for messaging is done at X25 LAN SLIM and X.25 switch.

SCPC BASEBAND EQUIPMENT

SCPC is full mesh single hop hub based satellite communication system with DAMA facility. DAMA is a software installed at NMS.

OCC(Outbound control Channel) is continuously transmitted from hub at 58.5MHz. All the remotes are tuned to this frequency all the time. All the information from the hub is transmitted on OCC to remotes.
Two nos. of ICC (Inbound Control Channels) are provided. The remotes have to transmit their information/ request on this channels to hub. OCC & ICC are called control channels. Total of 6 control channels are provided at hub, 3 are operational and 3 are standby at all times.

TDMA NMS
There are total 5 TDMA networks. One NMS can control 3 networks. Therefore 2 NMS in (1+1) configurations are provided(total 4 machines). The NMS is on Compaq DS-10 machine The operating system is UNIX. Configuration/monitoring is done from NMS. NMS can remain OFF during normal operation.

SCPC NMS
One NMS in 1+1 configuration is provided. The operating system & hardware is same to TDMA NMS. The NMS is required to be ON all the time as DAMA function is installed at NMS, Call by call Frequency allotment for all DAMA circuits is done by NMS besides the monitoring & controls.

OTHER SUBSYSTEMS
Gatekeeper PC All the IP packets pertaining to voice communication from remotes are brought to hub and given to gatekeeper. These packets are then routed to respective remotes. X.25 Switch The routing of messaging between different networks on TDMA is done by this. Exchange One no. of BPL make IDX 250 model exchange has been installed at Hub for POLNET voice communication.