TINFL

Group 5 Margaretha Lintar Melati - 112010003 Natanael Ade Kurniawan - 112010017 Maria Lusia Anindya Larasati - 112010087

Ter- Verb

Ter- Verb

Stative

Accidental

Abilitative

Verbs with prefix ter1. Stative ter- verbs Verbs refer to a state of affairs If there is no actor involved means there is no action happened Root Ter- Root Meaning
Apung Di Kalimantan Selatan ada pasar terapung Koran itu terletak di atas meja. In South Kalimantan there is a floating market. The newspaper is (located) on the table.

Letak

Tulis
Buat

Surat itu tertulis dalam bahasa Inggris.

Bajunya terbuat dari sutra.

The letter is written in English.

Her dress is made of silk.

2. Accidental ter Accidental = uncontrolled actions and not

appropriate in all cases unintended, unexpected, agentless, involuntary, sudden

Deliberate
Tasnya ditinggalkan di kantor His bag was left at the office.

Accidental
Tasnya tertinggal di kantor His bag was left at the office.

Accidental verbs can be transitive or intransitive Intransitive accidental ter- verbs without object The action often occuring suddenly and unexpectedly Transitive accidental ter- verbs with object Verbs are passive and it occurs even if the agent is first or second personTransitive Intransitive
Maman tertidur di kelas Maman fell asleep in class
Tadi pagi saya terbangun jam lima This morning I woke at five oclock

Buku saya terbawa oleh kamu You took my book by mistake

Obat itu terminum oleh saya The medicine was accidentally drunk by me

 when i- or kan- are the suffix usually drops

Examples: - Agassi dan Graf tersingkir (Agassi and Graf were eliminated) - Kita memang mudah terpesona oleh barangbarang mahal (We are indeed easily enticed by expensive goods)

Abilitative ter- verbs

Indicate that the agent has the ability to perform

the action example: - Mobil itu tidak terbeli oleh saya. - I cant afford to buy that car. All abilitative constructions are transitive and passive example: Suaranya terdengar oleh saya. = His voice is heard by me.

Abilitative ter- verbs

Abilitative verbs are usually negated, indicating the

inability of the agent to perform the action. example: - Pertanyaan itu tidak terjawab oleh Saya. - I cant answer that question.

Abilitative ter- verbs

Frequently an agent is not exposed:

Gambarnya tidak terlihat dari sini. That picture cant be seen from here. For abilitative ter- verbs, if a basic verb has suffix kan or i, it will be retained. example: terpecahkan, terselesaikan, terhindari, teratasi

Abilitative ter- verbs

It is possible to use abilitative ter- verbs without

negation. example: Masalah itu akhirnya terselesaikan.

Abilitative ter- verbs

There is nowadays a tendency for redundant

dapat can to occur if the verb is not negated. example: Bunyi telepon itu dapat terdengar dari sini. The sound of that phone can be heard from here.

Abilitative ter- verbs

Instead of a ter- verb, a basic di- verb with bisa or

dapat very frequently occurs to indicate ability: example: Masalah ini belum dapat dipecahkan. This problem cannot yet be solved.

Potentially ambiguous ter- verbs

Some ter- verbs are potentially ambiguous as to

accidental and abilitative action. example: Abilitative Apa terbawa oleh kau paket sebesar itu? Were you able to carry that big parcel? Accidental Maaf, koran saudara terbawa oleh Saya. Sorry, I took your newspaper by mistake.

Potentially ambiguous ter- verbs

It is possible for a word to be ambiguous to all three

basic functions of ter-. example: Stative Pintu terbuka The door is open.

Potentially ambiguous ter- verbs

Accidental Matanya terbuka lebar karena keheranan. His eyes opened wide with amazement. Abilitative Akhirnya pintu itu terbuka juga olehnya Finally he did manage to open the door.

Retention and loss of suffixes with terverbs

If a basic transitive verb has a suffix, this is retained

with an abilitative ter- verb Example: - teratasi - terselesai but usually dropped with an accidental verb. Example: - tertidur - terjatuh

Other forms with ter There are many ter- verbs which do not fit easily into

any of those three categories. Some verbs like tertawa (laugh) and tersenyum (smile) can be grouped with intransitive accidentals. Some words with ter- are not verbs. Such words include terlalu (too), terlambat (late), terhadap (towards), terutama (especially), termasuk (including).

Verbs with circumfix ke-an

With few exceptions this verbs are adversatives. It

means that they indicate that the subject undergoes unpleasant or undesired experience or event. Unlike basic verbs, adversative verbs explicitly focus attention on the adverse effect of the event on the subject.

Verbs with circumfix ke-an

The following sentences can be translated in the

same way:
Tomos car was stolen. 1)Mobil Tomo dicuri. 2)Tomo kecurian mobil.
The first sentence is simply a statement of what

happened to Tomos car, while the second sentence specifically indicates that Tomo undergoes something unpleasant.

Subgroups of Ke-..an Circumfix

Basic Intransitive Verbs Transitive Passive Verbs

Nouns
Verbs have the same meaning as corresponding basic verbs with affixation di-..-i

Adjective
Verbs whose subject is not the person adversely affected but the thing possessed by that person

Subgroup 1
Verbs in subgroup 1 derive from basic intransitive

verbs in clauses whose subject noun phrase contains a head noun and a possessor. example: Uang Tomo hilang. Tomos money is lost.

Verbs with circumfix ke-an

From that example, the possessor (Tomo) becomes

the subject of the ke-an verb and the original head noun (uang) is expressed as a complement. Tomo kehilangan uang. Tomo has lost his money.

Verbs with circumfix ke-an

In this subgroup, the word keguguran does not have

a complement. example: Ibu Asma keguguran tadi malam. Mrs. Asma had a miscarriage last night.

Verbs with circumfix ke-an

Although the complement is always something

possessed by the subject, possessive nya is rare, but can occur. example: Dia kehilangan ayah(nya). He lost his father.

Subgroup 2
correspond to transitive passive verbs.

Have a complement indicating something

possessed by the subject. Some verbs can occur without complement e.g: Saya kecopetan (dompet) di bus.

Subgroup 3
Based on nouns

The subject is adversely affected by what the

base indicates.
e.g: Dia kemalaman di hutan. The subject is unpleasantly affected by malam.

Subgroup 4
Based on adjectives

The subject suffers from what the base indicates

to a severe degree Must be distinguished from homophonous nouns derived from the same adjectives. E.g: Ketakutan Must also be distinguished from colloquial adjectives meaning too (base). E.g: Kedinginan

Subgroup 5
Verb have the same meaning as corresponding basic

verbs with affixation di--i , except that the action is explicitly adversative. e.g: kedatangan didatangi - Bu Hartini didatangi wartawan - Bu Hartini kedatangan wartawan
The noun following the verb is the agent. If it is

perceived as the human instigator of the action, then it can be preceded by oleh. e.g: Dia ketahuan (oleh) ayahnya.

 If it is inanimate then the use of oleh is

unacceptable to many people e.g: Dia kejatuhan durian. (not kejatuhan oleh durian). The verbs ketahuan and kedapatan allow a verb complement e.g: Dia kedapatan menggelapkan uang negara. He was caught embezelling state funds.

 A few verbs in subgroup 3 can also occur in

subgroup 5
Subgroup 3 based on nouns and do not have an agent. e.g: Kota itu kebanjiran. Subgroup 5 correspond to di--i verbs and can have an agent. e.g: Kota itu kebanjiran (oleh) turis asing.

Subgroup 6
Includes several verbs whose subject is not the

person adversely affected but the thing possessed by that person. e.g: Rumah saya kebobolan.
The word ketinggalan be left behind a person

can be subject only if he or she is the thing left behind e.g: Saya ketinggalan bus.

 Two ke--an verbs are not adversative: Kelihatan

dan Kedengaran. Meaning can be seen/heard these verbs function like passive verbs and can take agent. e.g: Musik itu kedengaran dari rumahku. If the verb means seems (looks/sounds) it cannot take agent, but can have adjectival compliment and can take nya. e.g: Dia kelihatannya sakit. ( He looks sick. )
Acting like kelihatan are the afixless verb nampak

and tampak can be seen, visible. e.g: Wajahnya tampak bercahaya.

Verbs with prefix ke Only a few verbs occuring with prefix ke Regarded as non-standard to some degree

borrowing from Javanese Almost all ke- verbs correspond to ter- accidental verbs. e.g: Ketipu (tertipu) Kesasar (tersasar)

A few verbs that are not ter- accidental verbs are having different form: Ketemu (bertemu) Ketimbang (dibandingkan dengan)

Thank You! Terima Kasih!