Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Micha Pawowski
Contents
1. Motivation behind Cognitive Radio 2. Spectrum Sharing 3. Cooperative Spectrum Sensing 4. Routing 5. Artificial Intelligence Methods in CR
Motivation behind CR
With the growing number of wireless devices and increased spectrum occupancy, the unlicensed spectrum is getting scarce. In addition large portion of licensed spectrum is underutilized. CR was created to solve this problem, by exploiting the existence of spectrum holes. Unlicensed users using CRs (Secondary Users), are aware of their spectrum environments and change their transmission and reception parameters to avoid interference with licensed spectrum users (Primary Users).
Spectrum Sensing CR detects unused spectrum and determines the method of sharing it without interfering PUs. Spectrum Analysis Information collected by Spectrum Sensing are used to schedule spectrum access by unlicensed users (SUs). Spectrum Access Spectrum holes are accessed by SU. In order to avoid collisions with PU and other SUs, cognitive medium access control (MAC) protocol is used. Spectrum Mobility CR have to ensure that data transmission can continue in case of changing used frequency.
Since spectrum sensing performed by single CR user may be unreliable, SUs are able to share sensing results with their neighbours or fusion centre to improve PU signal detection. The cooperative spectrum sensing architecture may be either centralized or distributed. In centralized cooperative spectrum sensing SUs sense the target channels and report the sensing results to the central controller, whereas in distributed approach SUs exchange the sensing results among each other, and the decision on spectrum access by each unlicensed user is made locally.
Routing
Due to presence of PUs in the network, SU must use appropriate routing algorithm. For example, SU1 may require to use the route through users 2 and 4 to the destination SU5 (instead of route through SU3). This is because using the shorter route may interfere PU.
Artificial intelligence in CR
The cognitive adaptation engine is at the core of the cognitive radio. It is the intelligence that drives the decision-making process. That's why CR needs to have the ability to learn and adapt their wireless transmission according to the ambient radio environment. There are three major categories of intelligent algorithm used in CR: Machine learning supervised learning unsupervised learning reinforcement learning Genetic algorithm Fuzzy logic These algorithms are used to observe the state of the wireless environment and build knowledge about the environment. This knowledge is used by a CR to adapt its decision on spectrum access and to improve performance of connection.
References
[1] Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks, Principles and Practice, ELSEVIER, Alexander M. Wyglinski, Maziar Nekovee, Y. Thomas Hou. [2] Dynamic spectrum access and management in cognitive radio networks, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Ekram Hossain, Dusit Niyato, Zhu Han [3] Cognitive Radio Network Architecture: Part I General Structure, K. C. Chen, Y. J. Peng, N. Prasad, Y. C. Liang, S. Sun [4] Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks, H.Feizresan, M. J. Omidi
Thank you!