Oral cavity and Pharynx

Dept of Anatomy

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ORAL REGION
 Includes oral cavity, teeth, gingiva,tongue,
palate, and palatine tonsils
 Food is ingested and prepared for digestion
 Food is chewed by teeth and saliva facilitate
formation of manageable food bolus
 Swallowing is initiated [voluntary phase]
 Food is pushed into the pharynx [automatic
phase]
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Oral Cavity
 2 parts:
1] Oral vestibule
2]Oral cavity proper
 Oral vestibule = slit space
bet teeth- buccal gingiva and
lips-cheek
>Vestibule communicates with
exterior thru mouth
>Size of opening is controlled by
circumoral muscles as
orbicularis oris,buccinator,
risorius, depressors and
elevators of lips

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Oral Cavity Proper
 Space bet upper and
lower dental arches
 Limited laterally and
anteriorly by maxillary
and mandibular alveolar
arches
 Roof: Palate
 Communicates post’ly
w/ oropharynx
 When mouth is closed,
O.C. occupied by tongue

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LIPS
 Mobile, muscular folds
surrounding the mouth
 Contain the orbicularis
oris, superior and inferior
labial muscles, BV,nerves
 Covered by skin [outside]
and mucous memb[inside]
 Fxn: Grasping food,
sucking liquids,forming
speech, kissing

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UPPER LIPS
Bet nose and opening of oral
cavity
Vermillion border
 Indicates abrupt start of

transitional zone
Nasolabial grooves- bet nose
and angle of mouth
- prominent when smiling
Philtrum – infranasal
depression

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LOWER LIPS
 Between mouth and
labiomental groove
 Labiomental groove = sep
lower lip from chin
 Labial frenula= free edged
folds of mucous memb in
the midline
- extends fr vestibular
gingiva to mucosa of
upper and lower lip

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Upper Lip
 BS: Superior labial br of facial
and infraorbital art
 NS: Superior labial br of
infraorbital nerves
 LS: Submandibular LN

Lower Lip
 BS: Inferior labial br of facial
and mental art
 NS: Inferior labial br of mental
nerves
 LS: Submental LN

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Cheeks
 Form the lateral
movable walls of the OC
 Buccinator = principal
muscle of the cheek
 Pushes food from
vestibule into mouth
proper
 BS: Buccal br of
maxillary artery
 NS: Buccal br of
mandibular nerve

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GINGIVA
 Composed of fibrous
tissue
 Attached gingiva-
attached to alveolar
process of jaws and necks
of teeth
 Loose gingiva-shiny red
and nonkeratinizing
 Lingual gingiva-related to
tongue

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TONGUE
 Mobile muscular organ
 Partly in oral cavity and
pharynx
 At rest, occupies oral
cavity proper
 Main functions:

1] Forming words
2] squeezing food into the
pharynx when swallowing

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Parts of the Tongue
 Body – anterior 2/3
 Root – posterior third
 Apex – pointed anterior

 Dorsum
>Terminal sulcus
- Vshaped groove
>Foramen cecum
- small pit
>Lingual papilla
- rough anterior mucous
membrane

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LINGUAL PAPILLAE
 Vallate
- large and flat topped
- anterior to terminal sulcus
 Foliate
- small lateral folds
- poorly developed
 Filiform
- long and numerous
- contain afferent nerve ending
- sensitive to touch
- V-shaped row parallel to
terminal sulcus
 Fungiform
- mushroom shaped
- apex and sides

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Muscles of the Tongue

 Details about this

topic
 Supporting
information and
examples
 How it relates to your
audience

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END of Oral Cavity

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 Pharynx

Dept. of Anatomy

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PHARYNX
 Fibromuscular tube
 Extends from the base of the skull to the lower
border of the cricoid cartilage (at which point it
becomes the esophagus)
 Portions of the pharynx lie posterior to:

nasal cavity (nasopharynx)

oral cavity (oropharynx)
larynx (laryngopharynx)

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PHARYNX
 Behind nasal cavities,
mouth, larynx

 Funnel-shaped

 Musculo membranous
wall

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Mucous membrane
 Continuous with nasal
cavity, mouth, larynx
and tympanic cavity
 UPPER: ciliated
columnar epithelium
 LOWER: stratified
squamous epithelium

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Fibrous layer
 ABOVE: thicker,
stronger, connected to
base of skull
 BELOW: continuous
with submucous coat
of esophagus

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Muscular layer

 Consists of:
superior constrictors
middle constrictors
inferior constrictors
 Fibers:
circular fashion
stylopharyngeus ms.
salpingopharyngeus ms.

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 Superior Constrictor Muscle
 Origin: medial pterygoid
plate
pterygoid hamulus
pterygomandibular
ligament
mylohyoid line
 Insertion:
Upper - pharygeal tubercle
Middle – median fibrous
raphe
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Superior Constrictor Muscle
 Nerve supply:
pharyngeal plexus
 Action: contract and
pull post pharyngeal
wall forward during
swallowing aid soft
plate in closing off
nasopharynx

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Middle Constrictor Muscle
 Origin: stylohyoid
ligament lesser and
greater cornua of
hyoid
 Insertion: median
fibrous raphe

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Middle Constrictor Muscle
 Nerve supply:
pharyngeal plexus
 Action: contracts and
propels food bolus
down into esophagus

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 Inferior Constrictor Muscle
 Origin:
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
 Insertion:
superior fibers – MCM
lower fibers – esophagus
median fibrous raphe

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Inferior Constrictor Muscle
 Nerve supply:
pharyngeal plexus
 Action: propel bolus
of food into esophagus
cricopharyngeus
muscle – sphincteric
effect

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 Stylopharyngeus Muscle
 Origin: styloid process,
temporal bone
 Insertion:
between SCM and MCM
 Nerve supply:
glossopharyngeal nerve
 Action: elevate larynx
and pharynx during
swallowing

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Salpingopharyngeus
 Origin: lower part,
auditory tube
 Insertion: blend with
palatopharyngeus
 Nerve supply:
pharyngeal plexus
 Action: assists in
elevating pharynx

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 Palatopharyngeus
 The PALATOPHARYNGEUS
takes origin, as the name
suggests, from the soft palate,
and runs down the length of
the pharynx, intermingling
with fibers of the
stylopharyngeus below the
inferior border of the superior
constrictor

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 Nasopharynx
 Roof: body of sphenoid
basilar part of occipital
bone
pharyngeal tonsil
 Floor: soft palate
pharyngeal isthmus

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 Nasopharynx
 Anterior wall: post. nasal
apertures
 Posterior wall: ant. arch of
atlas
 Lateral wall: auditory tube
tubal elevation
salpingo pharyngeal fold
pharyngeal fold
tubal tonsil
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 Oropharynx
 Roof: soft palate,
pharyngeal isthmus
 Floor: post. 1/3 tongue
and epiglottis
lingual tonsil
median glossoepiglottic
fold
2 lateral glosso epiglottic
fold
vallecula
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Oropharynx
 Anterior wall:
mouth, tongue
 Posterior wall: C2, C3
 Lateral wall: palato
glossal and palato
pharyngeal
arches/folds
palatine tonsils

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Laryngo pharynx

 Upper epiglottis and

cricoid
 Walls:
Ant. – inlet of pharynx
Post. – C3 – C6
Lat. – thyroid cartillage
 Pyriform fossa

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Palatine tonsils
 Lymphoid tissue
 Lateral walls of
oropharynx (tonsilar
sinuses)
 Tonsillar crypts
 Intratonsillar cleft
 Capsule
 Early childhood:
maximum size
 Post puberty:
diminishes in size

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Pharynx
 Nerve supply:
pharyngeal plexus
CN 9, 10
sympathetic nerves
 Motor: CN 10, 11
 Sensory: maxillary
nerve, CN 9, 10

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 Pharynx
 Arterial supply:
ascending pharyngeal
ascending palatine
facial
maxillary
lingual
 Venous supply:
pharyngeal venous plexus
internal jugular veins
 Lymphatic supply:
deep cervical
retropharyngeal/paratracheal

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PHARYNX
 The muscular walls of the pharynx are comprised
of an outer layer made up of 3 circularly disposed
muscles, the CONSTRICTORS
 The constrictors are logically named (from
superior most to inferior most) the SUPERIOR,
MIDDLE and INFERIOR PHARYNGEAL
CONSTRICTORS

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PHARYNX
 ACTIONS OF THE PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES

During swallowing, successive contraction of the

superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles
helps to propel the bolus (ball) of food down into
the esophagus

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PHARYNX
 ACTIONS OF THE PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES

contraction of the 3 longitudinal muscles of the

pharynx helps to raise the pharynx, effectively
aiding it in engulfing the bolus of food

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PHARYNX
 ACTIONS OF THE PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES

In between acts of swallowing, the lowest fibers of

the inferior constrictor are thought to act as a
sphincter, guarding the entrance to the esophagus
and preventing the entry of air into the digestive
system

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PHARYNX
 MOTOR INNERVATION OF THE MUSCLES OF THE
PHARYNX AND LARYNX arises mainly from the
CRANIAL DIVISION of the ACCESSORY NERVE (XI).
Note, however, that these axons TRAVEL with those of
the VAGUS NERVE, and are indistinguishable from it
 Exception: The STYLOPHARYNGEUS MUSCLE
receives its motor innervation from the
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (TX) Note that this is
the ONLY muscle innervated by this nerve

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PHARYNX
 SENSORY INNERVATION OF THE
PHARYNX.
 via the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
 PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF
THE PHARYNX is mainly by way of branches of
the vagus nerve.

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PHARYNX
 SPECIAL LYMPHATIC TISSUE OF THE
PHARYNX

the pharynx contains a "ring" of specialized

lymphatic tissue designed to prevent the entry of
pathogens into the digestive and respiratory tracts

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PHARYNX
 SPECIAL LYMPHATIC TISSUE OF THE PHARYNX
This specialized lymphatic tissue is known as "tonsils"
and is organized into three groups:
1. nasopharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), located in the nasal
pharynx;
2. palatine tonsils (tonsils), located between the
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds in the oral
pharynx; and
3. lingual tonsils, located on the posterior surface of the
tongue

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