Unit-II Reactive Power Compensation of Transmission lines

Series compensation
Objective We have, To cancel part of the line reactance

If X- decreases , P-increases For a given level of power transfer, -decreases, P-increases. The use of series capacitor, to reduce transfer reactances between the ends of a line, has two objectives: 1. To increase power transfer on a line of any length. 2. To transfer power with improved stability over a greater distance than is possible without compensation

 The practical upper limit = 0.8. If = 1, the effective line reactance is zero, so that the smallest disturbance in the relative rotor angles of the terminal synchronous machines would result in the flow of large currents. The circuit would be series resonant at the fundamental frequency, and it would be difficult to control transient voltages and currents during disturbances.

The capacitor reactance is determined by

the desired steady state and transient power characteristics The location of the capacitor on the line which depends on Economic factors Severity of fault currents

Symmetrical Line with Mid-point Series capacitor and Shunt Reactors

Phasor diagram

 = 1 cos(/2) + 0 1 sin (1) 2 =

1 sin(/2)+1 cos 2 0

= ,
1 = 1 2

= = 2 + 1
2

(2)

(4)

= 1/ = 1 2 = (3)

1 1 = 1 +j = 2 +j

(5)

0 0 2 2 2 + 2 and

2 = 2 + =

0 2

= 2

0 2 1 +

Where = 1 +

0 0 = 1 + 1 + 2

In the absence of the shunt reactors, = 1

Special cases:

1.

Series compensated power transfer characteristic is obtained by ignoring the shunt capacitance of the line and removing the shunt reactors. Then 0 is replaced by and = 1, so that with = = , 2 = If the degree of series compensation is defined by =

then
sin( 2 )

2 (1 )

2. When shunt reactors are chosen to compensate the line capacitance perfectly

Their reactances are then each

= 0

1cos( 2 )

Shunt reactance factor reduces to = sec 2 And power transfer characteristic becomes (with = = ) 2 = 20 sin(2)

The perfect shunt compensation of the capacitance of each half of the line leaves only the series reactance in the equivalent circuit which is shown below:

Equivalent circuit with perfect shunt compensation

Reactive power requirements at the terminals

The reactive power at the sending-end terminal is given by = ( ) ---------- (6) From Eq.s (1) to (4), it can be shown that

= 0 + 2 2 2 2

And 0 = + + , 20 2 2 0 2 1+ Where = 1 0 In the absence of the shunt reactors, = 1(= ). Substituting for in Eq.(6), the result is

0 = 2 0

( ) ( + ) 20
2

+ 1 20

0 2 0

Dynamic shunt compensation

To maintain the constant voltage , a synchronous machine is connected at an intermediate point along transmission line. If a line is sectioned into two equal halves, the power transmission characteristic for each half of the line is given by , = 2 Assumptions: Shunt capacitances are neglected or completely compensated by shunt reactors Replacing = 2 =
, 2

= =

Where is the mid point voltage which is held constant by the synchronous
machine or by some other constant-voltage compensating device. The maximum transmissible power is doubled. This scheme is called compensation by sectioning

Dynamic shunt compensation

The compensating current taken by the intermediate synchronous machine is purely reactive, and machine supplies or absorbs only reactive power to or from the line.

In the steady state, the machine can maintain constant voltage at its point of connection
without requiring a prime mover. This implies that the synchronous machine could be replaced by a capacitor or a reactor. However, if the power being transmitted along the line changes, the voltage would tend to change. In order to restore V to the constant value , the capacitive or inductive susceptance would have to change .

A real capacitor or reactor can be functionally equivalent to the synchronous machine, if

its susceptance is modulated or controlled in such away as to maintain constant voltage at its point of connection.

Dynamic working of the mid-point compensator

We have the midpoint voltage in terms of terminal voltages and assuming = = ,

(/2) = 1 1 = 2

Where =

(1 2 4

Variation of w.r.t transmission angle in order to maintain the midpoint voltage equal to . As power transmitted changes, changes which in turn changes

 Variation of w.r.t transmission angle in order to maintain the midpoint voltage equal to . As power transmitted changes, changes which in turn changes s varies with , the power transmission characteristic is modified. We have, = i.e.,
2 (1)

(/2)

2 sin( ) 2

This implies that in the steady state the line is sectioned into two independent halves. If = , the power characteristic is given by

2 2 sin( ) 2

Power transmission characteristic of line with constant voltage comparator at mid point. ( = )

We

Hence, can be determined from the expression, = Therefore, varying the amplitude , gives rise to a series of sinusoids as shown in below each corresponding to a fixed value of the compensating susceptance, .
2 sin 2

2 have, = = (1) (/2) Where = (/2)

because , are constants.

Dynamic working of midpoint shunt compensator

 If P=steady state stability limit of the uncompensated line, = With = , = 21

1 2

= 60 .Operating point A

From eqn,

(/2)

,i.e., = /cos(30)=1.155
1.2 2

If the transmitted power is increased to 1.2 , = 21 = /cos(36.87)=1.25

= 73.74 , and

.... Operating point B

The controlling effect of the midpoint compensator constraints the operating point to move along the locus given by Eqn. = , passing
smoothly from one constant- sinusoid to another as P varies. For > 2, > 90 , the system is stable as long as > 0 now the operating point is on unstable side. For example, if = 1.8 , = 21
1.8 2

= 128.32 , = 2.294 ..Operating point C

 The system owes its stability to the fact that if increases slightly, the compensator responds by changing immediately in such a way as to keep voltage constant and so
to increase to the value which satisfy the Eq. = (/2) , so that the

operating point moves along the stable characteristic, = 2 sin

For transmission systems, which are operating at high power levels and are compensated by sectioning, the effective compensating susceptance is capacitive. In practice there is an economic limit to the capacitive reactive power of the compensator.

Capacitive limit is reached i.e., is maximum

..Operating point D