PROFILING AND MOTIVATIONS OF VOLUNTEERS IN SPORT EVENTS.

HAJAR ASMIDAR SAMAT 2010829902 BACHELOR OF SPORT MANAGEMENT (HONS)

BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Nowadays, people engaged and participated in volunteering for a variety reasons, even for an intent to learn skills related, enjoyed the course or to change something. People volunteered can be personal ,altruism, but majority for an intention or purpose. In that case, to attract and get attention of volunteers, event organizers especially, need to explore and understand the volunteers intention and purpose.

Events can be divided in terms of size and the impact they make on society economically and socially. These are called Hallmark, Mega and Major Events and Minor Events. Difference types of event will require difference situation and number of volunteers needed. Consequently, it will generate economically such as physical and employment for community.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In understanding such volunteering factors through continual assessment, event organizers will be better able to formulate strategies to motivate further volunteering, and potentially reduce drop-out rates (Pauline, 2011).

Beyond the extra demands being placed on people, there are also increasing causes and organizations, outside of sporting events, actively seeking out volunteers, stretching the volunteer pool even thinner ( Pauline, 2011). Understand volunteer motivation and commitment may enable sport event managers to develop better recruitment, selection, training, organizing, and retention strategies, and ultimately benefit the organizations, volunteers, and service recipients (Chen, 2011).

It is reasonable to presume that sport organizations need to or are looking to recruit volunteers from a wide sector of society to sustain their current offerings. Yet, there have been few empirical, peerreviewed studies examining the heterogeneity of sport volunteers (Hoeber, 2010) The event organizer doesnt fully understand their volunteers motivation towards the tasks they carried in order for the volunteers to give fully commitment on the tasks assigned to them.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the demographic profiling of volunteers in sport events?

2. What are the reasons for the individuals to volunteer?

3. Are there any differences in motivation between races of volunteers in sport event?

4. Are there any differences in motivation between male and female volunteers in a sport event?

SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Sport events are significantly growing and established when the number of people increased to participate in sport, thus, people have multi-skills in sport that enable them to participate. Consequently, event organizers have to organize more events and volunteer labor is important to propel the process of the event.

DEVELOP STRATEGIES OF LABOR MARKETING

The primary marketing problems of the event organizers is the strategies to recruit and sustain the individuals in volunteerism.

AND MANSOURCES

It is important to know the reasons of individual to participate as a volunteer when it is the chance of the event organizers to get lowCHEAP LABOR paid and unpaid labor during recruitment season.

 The study can help the volunteers to be highly skills in management such as volunteer training in sport events. Volunteer can be contacted again for next sporting DEVELOP HIGH events. They will be a valuable asset for the success of the events when they become a great skills and well SKILLED trained volunteers. VOLUNTEERS

LITERATURE REVIEW
Most definitions of volunteering is the notion of free will or free choice (Allen & Shaw, 2009)

In some societies, volunteering is viewed as work done to help others with no concern for monetary gain while other societies view volunteer work as a form of low-wage employment or a means to more substantial employment. There may be no distinction between low-paid or non- paid work (Merill, 2006). Volunteerism can be defined as long-term, planned, prosocial behaviors that benefit strangers and occur within an organizational setting that has four salient attributes: longevity, planfulness, non obligatory helping, and an organizational context. (Penners 2002)

People differ in the extent to which they see their behaviors as generally intrinsically or extrinsically motivated. (Finkelstien, 2009)

Intrinsic motivation was positively associated with a volunteer selfconcept, prosocial personality, volunteer time and motive strength. (Finkelstein, 2009) While extrinsic orientation was most closely associated with external motives (specifically career aspirations), which require an outcome separate from the volunteer work in order to be fulfilled. (Finkelstein, 2009)

Mega sporting events, such as those of global interest including the football World Cup and the Olympic Games, provide a public interest agenda that addresses issues across a wide spectrum of concerns and opportunities. (Baum & Lockstone, 2007).
The functionalist perspective on volunteer motivation posits that people volunteer in order to fulfil psychological functions, and volunteer satisfaction can only be achieved if volunteers roles and activities are in line with their personal motivations (Barron & Hirova, 2011).

THEORIES RELATED
Penners 2002 formulation of volunteer process The model proposes that one demographic variable, three dispositional variables, and one organizational variable are related to the Decision to Volunteer.

Demographic Characteristics, is made up of things such as age, income, education, etc. Personal Beliefs and Values, which involves religious beliefs and other yet unspecified values and beliefs related to prosocial tendencies; Prosocial Personality, which concerns personality traits associated with prosocial thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; and Volunteer-Related Motives, which concerns the motives that underlie volunteering.

The three dispositional latent variables are:

The organizational latent variable that influences the Decision to Volunteer is Organizational Attributes and Practices, which, as discussed earlier, involves an organizations reputation, values, and practices.

PENNERS 2002
FORMULATION OF VOLUNTEER PROCESS

Demographic Characteristics

Personal Beliefs and Values

Prosocial Personality Volunteer-Related Motives

Organizational Attributes and Practices

Abraham Maslow, Hierarchy of Needs Model Maslow created a visualization of his hypothesis in the shape of a pyramid which is divided into five levels. At the bottom of the pyramid is the physiological level which includes food, water and shelter, the most basic needs for human survival. The premise is that unless an individual's basic needs have been met, higher levels in the pyramid are of no relevance, as survival is the most basic human component. When the basic survival needs have been met, the individual moves to the next level and seeks safety, including freedom from anxiety and stress. Therefore, although anxiety and stress may be a constant, we need to look at these elements on an individual basis and on a continuum from moderate to extreme.

Once the stress level has been moderated, or is acceptable, for the individual, and basic safety conditions, as defined by the individual, have been met, he/she would then look to the third stage which is identified as the social level. This area includes the need for belongingness, friendship and love. It is important to note that all levels have a varying element of depth for the individual; what is adequate or necessary for one may be inadequate for another. Thus, although we all seek security in relationships, the need for belonging will be greater for one person than it will be for another because we are dealing with individual needs. Having obtained relationship/belongingness security, it is then possible to look to the fourth level, self-esteem. In this arena the individual seeks to feel competent, confident and selfassured. Finally, the individual, having met the needs of the former four levels is able to pursue self-actualization or to be all that one can be.

ABRAHAM MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

SelfActualization Self-Esteem

Social Needs

Safety Needs

Physiological Needs

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN
This study is using the quantitative method which is survey of volunteerism.

By using questionnaires, data will be collected from the volunteers simultaneously at a point.

The survey method is suits in this study because of the economy of the design and the quick result in data collection.

SAMPLING From 3500 individuals that will be volunteered, the estimation of the sample will be 100 volunteers. Random sampling The sample for the study is drew from volunteers participating in SUKMA that will be held in Pahang in 31 May until 9 June 2012. The possibility of some volunteers will not return back the questionnaire can be high, so the questionnaire will be given to 200 volunteers to cover up the exact survey estimation, that is 100 volunteers.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

Ethical approval will be obtain before the actual research would be conducted.

Pilot study will be conducted to check reliability and validity of the questionnaire.
Send a permission letter to Department of National Unity and National Integration Pahang. Once permission was obtained, an invitation letter will be send to all of respondents.

Conducted briefing session to all of respondents about the study.

Distribution set of questionnaires and questionnaire collected upon data completion.

INSTRUMENTATION
Modified of The Voluntary Functions Inventory Scale by Clary and Snyder (1999) will be given to the focus group where it has three set of questions. Section A consists of demographic questions. Section B is the Reasons for Volunteering and second set is Volunteering Outcomes presents 30 reasons of volunteering at this organization. Section C, Volunteering Outcomes, presents 18 outcomes that can result from volunteering. Both sets B and C questions will be in likert-scale.

DATA ANALYSIS

The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS v17).

DATA ANALYSIS
What is the demographic profiling of volunteers in sport events? The first research question will be answer by descriptive statistics such as mean, median, standard variation, frequency and percentage distributions. The second research question will be answer by descriptive statistics such as mean, median, standard variation, frequency and percentage distributions. Independent t-test will be use to answer this research question because of the multiple dependent measures. Independent variable is gender.

What are the most reasons for the individuals to volunteer?

Are there any differences in motivation between male and female volunteers in a sport event?

Are there any differences in motivation between races of volunteers in sport event?

ANOVA will be use to answer this research question because of the multiple dependent measures. Independent variable is races.