Transformer: Professor Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi

Transformer
Professor Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi

Why do we need transformers?
• Increase voltage of generator’s output
– Transmit high power at low current
– Reduce cost of transmission system
• Adjust voltage to a usable level
• Create electrical isolation
• Match load impedance
• Filters
El-Sharkawi@University of Washing 2
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220kV-750kV
Distribution
Transformer
15 kV- 25kV Transmission

Transformer
Service 208V- 416V

Transformer
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Transmission Transformer
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Distribution Transformer
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Distribution Transformer
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Service Transformer
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Service Transformer bank
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Service Transformer bank
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Service Transformer
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Service Transformer
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Service Transformer
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Service Transformer
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Service Transformer
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Low power Transformer
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Basic Components
Iron Core Insulated Copper Wire
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Basic Components
Laminated
iron core
Insulated
copper wire
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ton
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d d
e1  N1
dt e2  N 2
1
dt
 
N1  e1 dt
i1 i2
e1 N1 N2 e2
Primary Secondary
ton
Basic Analysis:Voltage
d i1 i2
N1
e1  t  dt N1 + +
  e1 N1 N2 e2
e2  t  N d N 2 _ _
2
dt
  
E1 N1 E1 E2
  
E2 N 2 N1 N 2
• Volts/turn is constant
• Voltages are in phase (no phase shift)
• Voltage magnitudes vary with turns ratio.
ton
Basic Analysis: Power and current
i1 i2
S1  S 2
+ + e2
e1 _
N1 N2
_
EI E I
1 1
* *
2 2
*
I E2 N 2 I1 N 2
1

*
  N1 I 1  N 2 I 2
I2 E1 N1 I 2 N1
• Currents are in phase.
• Current ratio is opposite to the voltage ratio
ton
Basic Analysis: Reflected impedance
Flux
I2 Load
I1
Source
E1 N1 N2 E2 Zload
Primary Secondary
E2
Z load 
El-Sharkawi@University of Washing I2 24
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Basic Analysis: Reflected impedance
I1
E1
Source
' Z '

E1 Z load
load
I1
2
Primary Z '
E1 I 2  N1 

load
  
Z load E2 I1  N 2 
2
 N1 
Z '
load  Z load  
 N2 
ton
Single-Phase, Ideal Transformer Ratings
I1 I2
Apparent Power
+ +
V1 N1 N2 V2
2 KVA, 120/240 V - -
Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage
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Rated Values
• Rated voltage: The device can
continuously operate at the rated voltage
without being damaged due to insulation
failure
• Rated current: The device can
continuously operate at the rated current
without being damaged due to thermal
destruction
ton
Example I1 I2
Transformer rating:
2 KVA, 240/120 V
Compute the currents + +
V1 N1 N2 V2
- -
S  V1 I1  V2 I 2  2 KVA
S
2 KVA
I2    16.67 A
V2 120 V
S
2 KVA
I1    8.33 A
V1 240 V
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Multi-Secondary Transformer
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Multi-secondary windings
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I3
I1 N3 E3
E1 N1 I2
N2 E2
Primary
E1 N1

E2 N 2
E1 N1

El-Sharkawi@University of Washing
E3 N 3 31
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Current ratio: superposition
N2
I12 I12  I2
N1
E1 N1 I2
N2 E2
Primary
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Current ratio: superposition
I3
N3
I13  I 3
I13 N3 E3
E1 N1
N1
Primary
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I3 Superposition
N3 E3
I1
E1 N1 I2
N2 E2
Primary
N2 N3
I1  I12  I13  I 2  I3
N1 N1
I 1 N1  I 2 N 2  I 3 N 3
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I3 Superposition
N3 E3
I1
E1 N1 I2
N2 E2
Primary
S1  S 3  S 3
EI E I EI
1 1
* *
2 2
*
3 3
ton
Example
• The transformer consists of one primary winding and two secondary
windings. The number of turns is each winding is
N1  4000; N 2 1000; N 3  500
A voltage source of 120V is applied to the primary winding, and
purely resistive loads are connected across the secondary windings. A
wattmeter placed in the primary circuit measures 300W. Another
wattmeter placed in the secondary winding N2 measures 90W.
Compute the following:
• The voltages of the secondary windings

• The currents in N3
• The power consumed by the load connected across N3
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Solution
N2 1000
E 2  E1 120  30
N1 4000
N3 500
E3  E1 120  15
N1 4000
P1 300
I1    2.5
E1 cos1 120
P2 90
I2   3
E 2 cos 2 30
ton
Solution
I1 N1  I 2 N 2  I 3 N 3
2.5 * 4000  1000 * 3  500 I 3
I 3  14
E1 I1  E 2 I 2  E3 I 3
120 * 2.5  30 * 3 15 I 3
I 3  14
ton
Solution
P1  P2  P3
300  90  P3
P3  210
ton
Autotransformer
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I1 I2
A1 B1
E1 E2
V1 N1 N2 V2
A2
B2
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Autotransformer: Voltage and current
Is
I load  I1  I 2 N1
A1
E1 I1
A2
Iload
V1
V1  E1  E2 N2
B1
E2 I2 V2
B2
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I1 I2 Autotransformer
+ + Is
E1 N1 N2 E2 A1
N1
E1 I1
- -
A2 Iload
V1 B1
N2
S A  E1 I1  E2 I 2 E2 I2 V2
B2
S B  V1 I s  V2 I load
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Autotransformer: Power
S B  V1 I s  ( E1  E2 ) I1  E1 I1  E2 I1
S B  S A  E 2 I1
SB  S A
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Example
Ratings of regular transformer: 10 kVA, 400/200 V
New voltage ratio: 600/200 V
Is
Compute the new ratings A 1
N1
Solution E1 I1
10 Iload
I2   50 A A2
0.2 V1 B1
10 N2
I1   25 A E2 I2 V2
0.4
S B  V1 I1  600  25  15 kVA B2
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VARIC: Variable Auto-Transformer
Z
N3
Is
Y
Sliding
I1 terminal
N1
V1 Iload
N2 I2 V2
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Output Voltage
N2
Vload  Vs Z
N1  N 2 Is N3
Y
Sliding
I1 terminal
At Y N1
Iload
N1  N 2 V1
Vload  Vs  Vs
N1  N 2 N2 I2 V2
At Z
N1  N 2  N 3
Vload  Vs
N1  N 2
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Three-Phase Transformer
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3-phase transformer
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3-phase transformer Y-Y connection.
Also known as star-star connection
a A
Ratio of Phase Voltage
Ratio of Line Voltage

N1 N2
n N
c b C B
Van N1 Vac 3 Van N1

  
VAN N2 VAC 3 VAN N2
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Ratio of Phase Voltage and line voltage
3-phase transformer ( -)
A
a
N1 N2
B
c b
C
Vac N1

VAC N2
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3-phase transformer (Y-)
Also known as star-delta connection
a A
Ratio of Phase Voltage
Ratio of Line Voltage

N1
n
N2 B
c b C
Van N1 Vac 3 Van 3 N1
  
VAC N2 VAC VAC N2
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3-phase transformer bank (Y-)
a A
V AB N2 Vab Van N1 N2
 VAB
Van N1
b B
V AB V AB N2 N1 N2
 
Vab 3 Van 3 N1
C
c
N1 N2
ton
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Ratings of Ideal 3-phase
Transformer
Apparent Power (3-phase)
100 MVA, 13.8/138 KV
Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage

line-to-line line-to-line
ton
Example
• Three single-phase transformers are used to form a three-
phase transformer bank. Each single-phase transformer is
rated at 10 kVA, 13.8 KV/240 V. One side of the
transformer bank is connected to a three-phase, 13.8 kV
transmission line. The other side of the transformer is
connected to a three-phase residential load of 415.7V,
9kVA at 0.8 power factor lagging. Determine the
connection of the transformer bank, the voltage ratio of the
transformer bank, and the line current of the bank at the
13.8 kV side
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Solution
• Secondary voltage (Low voltage side) should be in
Y to provide the needed residential voltage
415.7
 240 V
3
• The high voltage side must be Delta-connection
– The line-to-line voltage of the supply is 13.8 kV. Same
as the transformer rating of the primary.
– If the primary is connected in Y, the voltage of the load
would be lower than 240 V.
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Solution Van= 240 V
A a
VAB= 13.8 kV N1 N2 Van Vab
B
b
N1 N2
C
c
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VAB VAB 13,800
Solution Van= 240 V
  A a
Vab 3 Van 3 240 VAB= 13.8 kV Van V
N1 N2 ab
Phase current of the load B b

9000 N1 N2
I2  3  12.5 A C
240 c
Phase current of the Transformer primary
N2 240 Line Current in primary

I1  I 2  12.5  0.2174 A
N1 13,800 I A  3 I1  0.377 A
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Actual Transformer
• Windings: i1 i2
– Resistance
+ + e2
– Inductance e1 _
N1 N2
_
• Core:
– Eddy Current
– Hysteresis
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Windings Impedance
R1 X1 R2 X2
N1 N2
Ideal Transformer
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Core Hysteresis
i B
+
e N
_
B f   e dt 
H  f i El-Sharkawi@University of Washing 62
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e
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Core Model i
Let
e R
e  Emax sin t
e
Emax
 e dt    cos t
e Emax
i  sin t i
R R
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Core Model i
Let
e Xl
e  Emax sin t
Emax e
 e dt    cos t
di
eL
dt
i
1 Emax
i   e dt   cos t
L L
ton
i
e R Xl
e
e
i
i
ton
Equivalent Circuit
'
R1 X1 I 2 R2 X2
N1 N2
Io
I1 I2
load
V1 E1 E2 V2
Ro Xo
E1 N1 V1 '
I2 N2 I1
   
E2 N 2 V2 I2 N1 I2
ton
Referred impedance
'
R1 X1 I 2 R2 X2
N1 N2
Io
I1 I2
V1 E1 E2 V2
Ro Xo
E1 
N1
N2
E2 
N1
N2
 I 2  R2  jX 2   V2 
ton
Referred impedance
'
R1 X1 I 2 R2 X2
N1 N2
Io
I1 I2
V1 E1 E2 V2
Ro Xo
N1 N 1  ' N1 
E1  E2  I2  R2  jX 2   V2 
N2 N2  N2 
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N1 N 1  ' N1 
E1  E2  I 2  R2  jX 2   V2 
N2 N2  N2 
2
 N1  N1
Define: E1  I  '
2
  R2  jX 2   V2
 N2  N2
2
 N1 
R'2    R2
 N2 
2
 N1  Then:
X '2 
  X 2
 N2 
' N1
V2  V2
 
E1  I 2' R2'  jX 2'  V2'
N2 El-Sharkawi@University of Washing 70
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Equivalent Circuit Referred to
Source Side

E1  I 2' R2'  jX 2'  V2' 
'
R1 X1 I 2 R2 X2
N1 N2
Io
I1 I2
V1 E1 E2 V2
Ro Xo
R1 X1 R'2 X '2
Io
I1 I 2'
V1 E1 V2'
Ro Xo
ton
Practical Considerations
R1 X1 R'2 X '2
Io '
I1 I 2
V1 E1 V2'
Ro Xo
'
R1  Ro  R2 ' I1  I 2  I o
'
X 1  X o  X 2' I 2  I o  I1
ton
R1
X1 R'2 X '2
Io
I1 I '
2
V1 V2'
Ro Xo
X1 X '2 I 2'
R1 R'2
Io
I1 V2'
V1
Ro Xo
ton
X1 X '2
R1 R'2
I 1  I '2
V1 V2'
'
Req  R1  R2
Define:
'
X eq  X 1  X 2
ton
Analysis of Transformer
Req X eq
I 1  I '2
V1 V2' Z
'
V1  V2  '
I2  Req  jX eq 
ton
Terminologies
V2 Load Voltage
Load Voltage referred to Source side

N1
V  2
'
V2
N2 Impedance referred to Source side
2
 N1 
I2 Load Current R  
'
2
 R2
 N2 
2
Load current referred to Source side  N1 
X  
'
2
 X 2
N2  N2 
I 
'
2 I2
N1 El-Sharkawi@University of Washing 76
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Analysis of Transformer
Req X eq
I 1  I '2
V1 V2' Z’
'
V1  V2  '
I2  Req  jX eq 
ton
Req X eq
I 1  I '2
V1 V2' Z’
'
I2 X eq
'
I2
'
I2 Req
ton
Req X eq
'
I1  I 2
V1 V2' Z
V1  V2'  I 2' Req  j I 2' X eq V1

I '2 Z eq
 I '2 X eq
 V2' I '2 Req
'
I2
ton
Ratings of Actual 3-phase
Transformer
Apparent Power (3-phase)
100 MVA, 13.8/138 KV

'
V 2 V2
line-to-line line-to-line
ton
Example
A transformer has the following parameters:
N1
10 Z l  0.530  o
N2
Req  R1  R2' 1; X eq  X 1  X 2' 10; Ro 1000; X 0  5000
The rated voltage of the primary winding is 1000V.

Compute the load voltage.
ton
Req X eq
Solution
'
 N1 
2
I1  I 2
Z  Z L 
'
L
  50  V1 V2' Z’
 N2 
V 1000  0 0
I 2'  1
  17. 7   38.31o
A
 Req  j X eq   Z L 1 j 10  50 30
' o
V  I Z  17.7   38.31
2
' '
2
'
L
o
 50 30   885   8.31
o 0
V
N2 1
V2  V  885  88.5 V
'
2
N1 10
ton
Voltage Regulation VR
Req X eq
'
I1  I 2
Load
V1 V2'
Vno load  V full load

VR 
V full load
V1  V2'
VR 
Measured at the load side V2'
ton
Example
Calculate the voltage regulation of the transformer in the
previous problem.
Solution:
'
V1  V2
VR 
'
V2
7209.5  7200
VR   100  0.14 %
7200
ton
Efficiency  Req Xeq
Io
I1 '
V1 I 2 V2'
Ro Xo
 
Output Power Pout
Input Power

Pin
Pcu   
' 2
I2 Req
V12
Pin  Pout  Losses Piron 
Ro
Plosses  Pcu  Piron ' '
Pout  V2 I 2 cos 
ton
Example
A 10 kVA, 2300/230 V, single phase distribution transformer
has the following parameters:
R1  5.8  ; X 1  X '2  12  ; R'2  6.05 
Ro  75.6 k ; X o  69.4 k
At full load and 0.8 power factor lagging, compute the efficiency
of the transformer.
ton
Solution
Pout  V2' I '2 cos   S cos   10  0.8  8 kW
' S 10 ,000
I2    4.35 A
' 2300
V2
Pcu   
' 2
I2 Req  ( 4.35 )2   5.8  6.05   224.23 W
Piron 
V 1
2

V

 
 2300
2
' 2
 70 W
2
Ro Ro 75,600
Pout 8000
    100  96.45 %
Pin 8000  224.23  70
ton

Transformer: Professor Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi

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Transformer: Professor Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi

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Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Transformer

Professor Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi

15 kV- 25kV Transmission

Service 208V- 416V

Iron Core Insulated Copper Wire

Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage

• The voltages of the secondary windings

Ratio of Line Voltage

Van N1 Vac 3 Van N1

Ratio of Line Voltage

100 MVA, 13.8/138 KV

Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage

Phase current of the load B b

N2 240 Line Current in primary

Load Voltage referred to Source side

V1  V2'  I 2' Req  j I 2' X eq V1

100 MVA, 13.8/138 KV

Req  R1  R2' 1; X eq  X 1  X 2' 10; Ro 1000; X 0  5000

The rated voltage of the primary winding is 1000V.

Vno load  V full load

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