Multiplexing In Optical Fiber Communication

Multiplexing
Multiplexing a process where multiple message signals or data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. Types Time division multiplexing Frequency division multiplexing Optically Time division multiplexing Wavelength division multiplexing
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Higher data rate. ; Low loss ; Longer distance Less weight/size ; Interference free Electrical isolation ; Security

Option To Fulfill the demand

Time Division Multiplexing

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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The technology of combining a number of separate optical channels on a single fiber is known as WDM. It is based on the fact that the light of different wavelength doesnt interfere and can be separated efficiently. It is similar to FDM. Different data channels are carried by different wavelengths. 1997 Bell Labs 100 beams, each at 10 Gbps Systems of 160 channels of 10 Gbps now available
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The WDM transmission is performed in 2nd & 3rd windows of the wavelength. Let we have a source of wavelength and spectral width, then BW of the WDM system is

In 1310 nm range with spectral width 80 nm the available BW is 14 THz. In 1550 nm range with spectral width 120 nm the available BW is 30 THz.
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Channel Spacing

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By using number of light sources and allotting some guard band between wavelength of two source, a good quality transmission can be done with WDM.
Receivers

DWDM Multiplexer Optical fibre

Power Amp Transmitters

Line Amp

Line Amp

Receive Preamp

DWDM DeMultiplexer
200 km
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 At transmitter, there are many independently modulated light sources. Each emitting at a unique wavelength. The Multiplexers are required to combine these optical signals and couple them onto a single fiber. Multiplexer should provide a low-loss path to each optical source to fiber. At the receiver a Demultiplexer is needed to separate the optical signals into appropriate detection channel.

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 Wavelength multiplexer types include

Fiber Couplers Fiber gratings

Wavelength demultiplexer types include

Grating Demultiplexer Tunable filter
1 + 2
1 2

Grin Rod Lens

Fibres

Grating Multiplexer Demultiplexe Grating r

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 GRIN lenses are short cylindrical lengths of glass with a graded refractive index. The index decreases with the square of the distance from the axis of the lens. In this they are very similar to graded index fibre but they are usually quite a lot thicker (1-2 mm).. GRIN lenses operate by internal refraction as light passes through material of varying refractive indices.

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 A diffraction grating is a device that reflects or refracts light by an amount varying according to the wavelength. It consists of a very closely spaced set of parallel lines or grooves made in a mirror surface of a solid material. A grating can be formed in almost any material where we vary the optical properties (such as refractive index) in a regular way with a period close to the wavelength. Reflective gratings are wavelength-selective filters. In optical communications they are used for splitting and/or combining optical signals in WDM systems

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WDM MUX/DMUX

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