RAID TECHNOLOGY

National Institute of Science & Technology

RAID
RAID
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNICAL SEMINAR PRESENTATION
BY
BISWAJIT PATTANAIK
CS200117270

INSTRUCTED BY
MR. A. RAHMAN

[1]
RAID TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
National Institute of Science & Technology

 In order to increase the Size, Speed,

Performance, Availability of a life hard disk
various effective technologies have been
explored out of which the RAID has been
described in this term paper briefly.

 RAID combines multiple inexpensive disk drives

into an array of disk drives to obtain
performance, capacity and reliability that
exceeds that of a single large drive. The array of
drives appears to the host computer as a single
logical drive .
Biswajit Pattanaik [2]
RAID TECHNOLOGY
National Institute of Science & Technology

The two-decade-old principles of large

data storage and management have
grown and evolved into new forms,
 yet the basic advantages of dependability,
availability, and protection remain key
factors in RAID technology’s enduring
value.

Biswajit Pattanaik [3]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

ABOUT RAID
National Institute of Science & Technology

 Introduction of the concept took place in a 1988

UC Berkeley publication entitled A Case for
Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks.
 The intention of this technology is to allow users
and operations to take advantage of the large
amount of space by storing important data in
more secure multiple (redundant) locations, and
yet access it as easily and quickly as a single
PC-based disk drive.

Biswajit Pattanaik [4]

RAID TECHNOLOGY
National Institute of Science & Technology

 A major challenge is the difficulty of providing

access to the stored information and the ability
to update (I/O for In and Out) at speeds similar
to those of single disk systems.

 The calculation of this access velocity is referred

to as throughput. One basic solution to this
difficulty lies in distributing the burden of transfer
among all the disks in the array, thus reducing
the workload borne by any single disk

Biswajit Pattanaik [5]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

DISK MIRRORING
National Institute of Science & Technology

 The term mirroring refers to the storage of two copies of

the same data located on separate hard drives within an
array, or within different arrays. While inputting the data,
the system writes the information simultaneously to both
locations.
 A major part of RAID technology’s redundancy
advantages, mirroring allows continued operation of the
system in the event of one drive or array failing.
 Mirroring offers a distinct advantage to data safety
concerns, especially in environments where availability is
critical.

Biswajit Pattanaik [6]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

DISK STRIPING
National Institute of Science & Technology

 This is a method of combining multiple drives into one logical

storage unit. Striping partitions the storage space of each drive into
stripes, which can be as small as one sector (512 bytes) or as large
as several megabytes.
 These stripes are then interleaved in a rotating sequence, so that
the combined space is composed alternately of stripes from each
drive.

 To maximize throughput for the disk subsystem, the I/O load must
be balanced across all the drives so that each drive can be kept
busy as much as possible..

Biswajit Pattanaik [7]

RAID TECHNOLOGY
National Institute of Science & Technology

 This situation allows all

drives to work
concurrently on different
I/O operations, and thus
maximize the number of
simultaneous I/O
operations that can be
performed by the array.

Biswajit Pattanaik [8]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

RAID LEVELS
National Institute of Science & Technology

 These original levels are assigned

designations as RAID Levels 0 through 6.
 In addition to the original RAID levels,
development has led to the establishment
of Hybrid RAID levels.
 These actually combine the original 7
levels’ features. Hybrid RAID Levels are
numbered with 2 digits
Biswajit Pattanaik [9]
RAID TECHNOLOGY

RAID 0
National Institute of Science & Technology

 RAID 0 requires a minimum

of 2 drives to implement

 Striped disk array without

fault tolerance

 RAID 0 implements a striped

disk array, the data is broken
down into blocks and each block
is written to a separate disk
drive

Biswajit Pattanaik [10]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

RAID 1
National Institute of Science & Technology

 For Highest
performance, the
controller must be able
to perform two
concurrent separate
Reads per mirrored pair
or two duplicate Writes
per mirrored pair.
 RAID Level 1 requires a
minimum of 2 drives to
implement

Biswajit Pattanaik [11]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

RAID 2
National Institute of Science & Technology

 Each bit of data word is

written to a data disk
drive (4 in this example:
0 to 3). Each data word
has its Hamming Code
ECC word recorded on
the ECC disks.
 On Read, the ECC code
verifies correct data or
corrects single disk
errors.
Biswajit Pattanaik [12]
RAID TECHNOLOGY

RAID 3
National Institute of Science & Technology

 The data block is

subdivided ("striped")
and written on the data
disks. Stripe parity is
generated on Writes,
recorded on the parity
disk and checked on
Reads.
 RAID Level 3 requires a
minimum of 3 drives to
implement

Biswajit Pattanaik [13]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

RAID 4
National Institute of Science & Technology

 Each entire block is

written onto a data disk.
Parity for same rank
blocks is generated on
Writes, recorded on the
parity disk and checked
on Reads.
 RAID Level 4 requires a
minimum of 3 drives to
implement
Biswajit Pattanaik [14]
RAID TECHNOLOGY

RAID 5
National Institute of Science & Technology

 Each entire data block

is written on a data
disk;
 Parity for blocks in the
same rank is generated
on Writes,
 Recorded in a
distributed location and
checked on Reads.
 RAID Level 5 requires a
minimum of 3 drives to
implement

Biswajit Pattanaik [15]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

RAID 6
National Institute of Science & Technology

 RAID 6 is essentially an extension

of RAID level 5 which allows for
additional fault tolerance by using
a second independent distributed
parity scheme (two-dimensional
parity)
 Data is striped on a block level
across a set of drives, just like in
RAID 5, and a second set of parity
is calculated and written across all
the drives; RAID 6 provides for an
extremely high data fault tolerance
and can sustain multiple
simultaneous drive failures

Biswajit Pattanaik [16]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

RAID 10
National Institute of Science & Technology

 RAID 10 is implemented as a
striped array whose segments
are RAID 1 arrays
 RAID 10 has the same fault
tolerance as RAID level 1
 RAID 10 has the same
overhead for fault-tolerance as
mirroring alone
 RAID Level 10 requires a
minimum of 4 drives to
implement

Biswajit Pattanaik [17]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

RAID 50
National Institute of Science & Technology

 RAID 50 should really be

called "RAID 03" because it
is implemented as a striped
(RAID level 0) array whose
segments are RAID 3 arrays
 RAID 50 has the same fault
tolerance as RAID 3 as well
as the same fault tolerance
overhead
 RAID Level 50 requires a
minimum of 5 drives to
implement

Biswajit Pattanaik [18]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

RAID 0+1
National Institute of Science & Technology

 RAID 0+1 is implemented as a

mirrored array whose
segments are RAID 0 arrays
 RAID 0+1 has the same fault
tolerance as RAID level 5
 RAID 0+1 has the same
overhead for fault-tolerance as
mirroring alone
 RAID Level 0+1 requires a
minimum of 4 drives to
implement

Biswajit Pattanaik [19]

RAID TECHNOLOGY

CONCLUSION
National Institute of Science & Technology

 RAID technology allows users and operations to

take advantage of the large amount of space by
storing important data in more secure multiple
locations, and yet access it as easily and quickly
as a single PC-based disk drive.
 Performance, Availability, Capacity, & Cost are
the major considerations to be taken into
account while judging the suitability of any RAID
configuration with respect to individual
application needs.

Biswajit Pattanaik [20]