EMC2

Host and Storage System Environment
Chapter 2
2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.
Chapter Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: List components of storage system environment
Host, connectivity and storage
List physical and logical components of hosts Describe key connectivity options Describe the physical disk structure Discuss factors affecting disk drive performance
Storage System Environment - 2
Lesson: Components of Storage System Environment
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the three components of storage system environment
Host, Connectivity and Storage
Detail Host physical and logical components
Describe interface protocol

PCI, IDE/ATA and SCSI
Describe storage options

Tape, optical and disk drives
Host
Applications runs on hosts Hosts can range from simple laptops to complex server clusters Physical components of host
CPU Storage
Disk device and internal memory
LAN Laptop
Server
I/O device
Host to host communications
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Group of Servers
Host to storage device communications

Host Bus Adapter (HBA)
Mainframe
2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Storage System Environment - 4
Storage Hierarchy Speed and Cost

Fast
CPU registers
L2 cache
L1 cache
Speed
Magnetic disk
RAM
Tape
Optical disk
Slow
Low High
Cost
2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Components of a Host - 5
I/O Devices
Human interface
Keyboard Mouse Monitor
Computer-computer interface
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Computer-peripheral interface
USB (Universal Serial Bus) port Host Bus Adapter (HBA)
Components of a Host - 6
Logical Components of a Host

Host
Apps
Operating System DBMS
Mgmt Utilities File System
Volume Management
Multi-pathing Software
Device Drivers
HBA
HBA
HBA
Logical Components of the Host

Application
Interface between user and the host Three-tiered architecture
Application UI, computing logic and underlying databases
Application data access can be classifies as:

Block-level access: Data stored and retrieved in blocks, specifying the LBA File-level access: Data stored and retrieved by specifying the name and path of files
Operating system
Resides between the applications and the hardware Controls the environment
Logical Components of the Host: LVM

Responsible for creating and controlling host level logical storage
Physical view of storage is converted to a logical view by mapping Logical data blocks are mapped to physical data blocks
Logical Storage
Usually offered as part of the operating system or as third party host software LVM Components:
Physical Volumes Volume Groups Logical Volumes
LVM
Physical Storage
Volume Groups
One or more Physical Volumes form a Volume Group LVM manages Volume Groups as a single entity Physical Volumes can be added and removed from a Volume Group as necessary Physical Volumes are typically divided into contiguous equalsized disk blocks A host will always have at least one disk group for the Operating System
Application and Operating System data maintained in separate volume groups
Logical Volume
Logical Disk Block
Logical Volume
Physical Volume 1
Physical Volume 2
Physical Volume 3 Physical Disk Block
Volume Group
LVM Example: Partitioning and Concatenation

Servers
Logical Volume
Physical Volume
Partitioning
Concatenation
Logical Components of the Host (Cont)

Device Drivers
Enables operating system to recognize the device Provides API to access and control devices Hardware dependent and operating system specific
File System
File is a collection of related records or data stored as a unit File system is hierarchical structure of files
Examples: FAT 32, NTFS, UNIX FS and EXT2/3
File System: Metadata Examples

UNIX (UFS) File type and permissions Number of links Owner and group IDs Number of bytes in the file Last file access Last file modification Windows (NTFS) Time stamp and link count File name Access rights File data Index information Volume information
File Systems: Journaling and Logging

Improves data integrity and system restart time over nonjournaling file systems Uses a separate area called a log or journal
May hold all data to be written May hold only metadata
Disadvantage - slower than other file systems

Each file system update requires at least 1 extra write to the log
How Files are Moved to and from Storage

Teacher (User) Course File(s) File System Files
File System Blocks
1
Configures/ Manages
2
Reside in
3
Mapped by a file system to
Disk Sectors
Disk Physical Extents
LVM Logical Extents
6
Managed by disk storage subsystem Consisting of
5
Mapped by LVM to
4
Residing in
Module Summary
Key points covered in this module: Hosts typically have:
Hardware: CPU, memory, buses, disks, ports, and interfaces Software: applications, operating systems, file systems, device drivers, volume managers
Journaling enables:
very fast file system checks in the event of system crash provides better integrity for file system structure
HBAs are used to connect hosts to storage devices
Connectivity
Interconnection between hosts or between a host and any storage devices Physical Components of Connectivity are:
Bus, port and cable
CPU
BUS
HBA
Cable
Disk Port
Bus Technology
Serial
Serial Bi-directional
Parallel
Connectivity - 18
Bus Technology
System Bus connects CPU to Memory Local (I/O) Bus carries data to/from peripheral devices
Bus width measured in bits

Bus speed measured in MHz Throughput measured in MB/S
Connectivity - 19
Connectivity Protocol
Protocol = a defined format for communication between sending and receiving devices
Tightly Connected Entities
Directly Attached Entities
Network Connected Entities
Tightly connected entities such as central processor to RAM, or storage buffers to controllers (example PCI)
Directly attached entities connected at moderate distances such as host to storage (example IDE/ATA) Network connected entities such as networked hosts, NAS or SAN (example SCSI or FC)
Communication Protocols
Host
Apps Operating System PCI

SCSI or IDE/ATA Device Drivers
Connectivity - 21
Popular Connectivity Options: PCI

PCI is used for local bus system within a computer It is an interconnection between microprocessor and attached devices Has Plug and Play functionality PCI is 32/64 bit Throughput is 133 MB/sec PCI Express
Enhanced version of PCI bus with higher throughput and clock speed
V1: 250MB/s V2: 500 MB/s V3: 1 GB/s
Popular Connectivity Options: IDE/ATA

Integrated Device Electronics (IDE) / Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA)
Most popular interface used with modern hard disks Good performance at low cost Inexpensive storage interconnect Used for internal connectivity
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)

Serial version of the IDE /ATA specification Hot-pluggable Enhanced version of bus provides upto 6Gb/s (revision 3.0)
Popular Connectivity Options: SCSI

Parallel SCSI (Small computer system interface)
Most popular hard disk interface for servers Supports Plug and Play Higher cost than IDE/ATA Supports multiple simultaneous data access
Used primarily in higher end environments

SCSI Ultra provides data transfer speeds of 320 MB/s
Serial SCSI
Supports data transfer rate of 3 Gb/s (SAS 300)
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface

Most popular hard disk interface for servers Higher cost than IDE/ATA
Supports multiple simultaneous data access

Currently both parallel and serial forms Used primarily in higher end environments
Connectivity - 25
SCSI Model
Target Initiator
Connectivity - 26
SCSI Model
Target ID
LUNs
Initiator ID
Connectivity - 27
SCSI Addressing
Initiator ID Target ID LUN
Initiator ID - a number from 0 to 15 with the most common value being 7. Target ID - a number from 0 to 15 LUN - a number that specifies a device addressable through a target.
Connectivity - 28
Disk Identifier - Addressing

Host Addressing
Controller Target
c0 t0 d0
LUN
t0
Peripheral Controller
LUNs
d0
d1
d2
Target
c0 Controller/ Initiator/HBA
2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Connectivity - 29
SCSI - Pros and Cons

Pros:
Fast transfer speeds, up to 320 megabytes per second
Cons:
Configuration and setup specific to one computer
Reliable, durable components Can connect many devices with a single bus, more than just HDs
SCSI host cards can be put in almost any system Full backwards compatibility
Unlike IDE, few BIOS support the standard Overwhelming number of variations in the standard, hardware, and connectors
No common software interfaces and protocol
Connectivity - 30
Comparison IDE/ATA vs. SCSI

Feature
Connectivity Market
IDE/ATA
Internal Storage
SCSI
Internal and External Storage
Speed (MB/sec) Hot Pluggable Expandability
100/133/150 No Easier to set up
320 Yes
Very good but very expensive to set up High cost/Fast transfer speed
Cost/Performance
Good
Connectivity - 31
Physical Components Host with External Storage

Port Bus
CPU
Host
HBA
Cable Port
Disk
Connectivity - 32
Fibre Channel
DBMS
Host
Apps
Mgmt Utils File System LVM
Multipathing Software
Device Drivers HBA HBA HBA
Fibre Channel
Storage Arrays
2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Connectivity - 33
External Storage Interfaces A Comparison

SCSI
Limited distance Limited device count Usually limited to single initiator Single-ported drives
Fibre Channel
Greater distance High device count in SANs Multiple initiators Dual-ported drives
Connectivity - 34
External Storage Interfaces A Comparison

iSCSI
Transport is over an IP network SCSI Commands are exchanged over an IP network
Fibre Channel over Ethernet

Tunnels fibre channel commands over IP
Connectivity - 35
Fibre Channel Connectivity

Hosts
Switches
Storage
Connectivity - 36
Storage: Medias and Options

Magnetic Tape
Low cost solution for long term data storage Limitations
Sequential data access, Single application access at a time, Physical wear and tear and Storage/retrieval overheads
Optical Disks
Popularly used as distribution medium in small, single-user computing environments Write once and read many (WORM): CD-ROM, DVD-ROM Limited in capacity and speed
Disk Drive
Most popular storage medium with large storage capacity Random read/write access
Ideal for performance intensive online application
Lesson Summary
Key points covered in this lesson: Host components
Physical and Logical
Connectivity options
PCI, IDE/ATA, SCSI
Storage options
Tape, optical and disk drive
Lesson: Disk Drive

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to: List and discuss various disk drive components
Platter, spindle, read/write head and actuator arm assembly
Discuss disk drive geometry Describe CHS and LBA addressing scheme Disk drive performance
Seek time, rotational latency and transfer rate
Laws governing disk drive performance Enterprise flash drive

Disk Drive Components
Controller
HDA
Interface
Power Connector
Disk Drive Components: Platters
01010100111010101010
00110100111010101010
00110100111010101010
10110101011010101010
Physical Disks - 41
Disk Drive Components: Spindle
Spindle
Platters
Physical Disks - 42
Disk Drive Components: Read/Write Heads
Physical Disks - 43
Disk Drive Components: Actuator
Spindle
Actuator
Physical Disks - 44
Physical Disk Structures: Actuator Arm Assembly
R/W Head
R/W Head Actuator
Physical Disks - 45
Disk Drive Components: Controller
Controller HDA Interface
Power Connector
Bottom View of Disk Drive
Physical Disks - 46
Physical Disk Structures: Sectors and Tracks

Sector
Track
Platter
Physical Disks - 47
Platter Geometry and Zoned-Bit Recording

Sector
Track
Platter Without Zones Platter With Zones
Physical Disks - 48
Physical Disk Structures: Cylinders
Cylinder
Tracks, Cylinders and Sectors

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Physical Disks - 49
Logical Block Addressing

Sector Cylinder Head Block 0 Block 8 (lower surface)
Block 16
Block 32
Block 48
Physical Address = CHS

Logical Block Address = Block #

Physical Disks - 50
Drive Partitioning and Concatenation

A
A B C
Partitioning Multiple Logical Volumes
Concatenation One Logical Volume

Physical Disks - 51
Lesson Summary
Key points covered in this lesson: Physical drives are made up of:
HDA
Platters connected via a spindle Read/write heads which are positioned by an actuator
Controller
Controls power, communication, positioning, and optimization
Data is structured on a drive using tracks, sectors, and cylinders
The geometry of a disk impacts how data is recorded on a platter

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Physical Disks - 52
Lesson: Disk Drive Performance

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the factors that impact the performance of a drive Describe how drive reliability is measured
Physical Disks - 53
Disk Drive Performance: Positioning

Seek time is the time for read/write heads to move between tracks
Seek time specifications include:

Full stroke Average
Track-to-track
Physical Disks - 54
Disk Drive Performance: Rotational Speed/Latency
Physical Disks - 55
Disk Drive Performance: Command Queuing

Without Command Queuing
Request 1 Request 2 4 Request 3 3 2 1
3 4 2 1
Request 4
With Command Queuing

Request 1 Request 2 4 Request 3 Request 4
3 4
2 1
Physical Disks - 56
Disk Drive Performance: Data Transfer Rate

External transfer rate measured here Internal transfer rate measured here
HBA
Interface
Buffer
Disk Drive
Physical Disks - 57
Drive Reliability: MTBF

Mean Time Between Failure Amount of time that one can anticipate a device to work before an incapacitating malfunction occurs
Based on averages Measured in hours
Determined by artificially aging the product
Physical Disks - 58
Utilization vs. Response time
Knee of curve: disks at about 70% utilization
Low Queue Size
0%
Utilization
70%
100%
Consider a disk I/O system in which an I/O request arrives at a rate of 100 I/Os per second. The service time, RS, is 4 ms.
Utilization of I/O controller (U=a Rs) Total response time (R=Rs /1-U)
Calculate the same with service time is doubled

Enterprise Flash Drives: A New Generation Drives

Conventional disk drive Mechanical Delay associated with conventional drive
Seek time Rotational latency
Enterprise flash drive Highest possible throughput per drive

No Spinning magnetic media No Mechanical movement which causes seek and latency Solid State enables consistent I/O performance
More power consumption due to mechanical operations
Very low latency per I/O Energy efficient storage design

Lower power requirement per GB of storage Lower power requirement per IOPS
Low Mean Time Between Failure
Enterprise Flash Drives Overview

Drive is based on Flash Solid State memory technology
High performance and low latency Non volatile memory Uses single layer cell (SLC) or Multi Level cell (MLC) to store data
Enterprise Flash Drives use a 4Gb FC interface
Enterprise Flash Drives Benefits

Faster performance
Up to 30 times greater IOPS (benchmarked) Typical applications: 8 12X Less than 1 millisecond service time
1@15K Fibre Channel drive 10@15K Fibre Channel drives 30@15K Fibre Channel drives
More energy efficient

38 percent less per terabyte 98 percent less per IO
IO per second 1 Flash drive
Better reliability
No moving parts Faster RAID rebuilds
Response Time
Enterprise Flash Drives Tier-0 Application

Position Enterprise Flash Drives as the high-performance option in demanding environments Low latency applications, also known as Tier-0 applications Standard form-factor and capacity design allows for easier integration
High performance, low power for a Green initiative

Target Customer/Market Segments:
High performance solutions coupled with low power Specifically target Oracle database customers initially Financial trading OLTP databases
Lesson Summary
Key points covered in this lesson: Disk drive components and geometry
Disk drive addressing scheme

Disk drive performance Convention drive Vs Enterprise Flash Drives Enterprise Flash Drives for high performance and low power storage solution
Chapter Summary
Key points covered in this chapter: Storage system environment components:
Host, connectivity and storage
Physical disk structure and addressing Factors affecting disk performance Flash drives benefits
Check Your Knowledge

What are some examples of hosts? What are the physical and logical components of a host?
What are the common connectivity protocols used in computing environments?

What is the difference between seek time and rotational latency? What is the difference between internal and external data transfer rates?

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Host and Storage System Environment

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Storage System Environment - 2

Lesson: Components of Storage System Environment

Detail Host physical and logical components

Describe interface protocol

Describe storage options

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Storage System Environment - 3

Host to storage device communications

Storage Hierarchy Speed and Cost

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Logical Components of a Host

Mgmt Utilities File System

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Logical Components of the Host

Application data access can be classifies as:

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Storage System Environment - 8

Logical Components of the Host: LVM

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Storage System Environment - 9

Physical Volume 3 Physical Disk Block

Storage System Environment - 10

LVM Example: Partitioning and Concatenation

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Storage System Environment - 11

Logical Components of the Host (Cont)

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Storage System Environment - 12

File System: Metadata Examples

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

File Systems: Journaling and Logging

Disadvantage - slower than other file systems

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

How Files are Moved to and from Storage

File System Blocks

Disk Physical Extents

LVM Logical Extents

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Storage System Environment - 15

HBAs are used to connect hosts to storage devices

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Storage System Environment - 17

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Bus width measured in bits

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Tightly Connected Entities

Directly Attached Entities

Network Connected Entities

Apps Operating System PCI

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Popular Connectivity Options: PCI

Popular Connectivity Options: IDE/ATA

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Storage System Environment - 23

Popular Connectivity Options: SCSI

Used primarily in higher end environments

2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.