SCADA RTU INTERFACE

BY S . GANESH BABU

SCADA DEFINED

A formal definition of SCADA system, as recommended by IEEE, is: A collection of equipment that will provide an operator at a remote location with sufficient information to determine the status of a particular equipment or a process and cause actions to take place regarding that equipment or process without being physically present.
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Power System Automation

A power system consists of devices that generate, transmit, and distribute power. Power system automation is the act of automatically controlling the power system via automated processes within computers and intelligent I&C devices. It consists of three major processes: data acquisition, power system supervision, and power system control, all, working in a coordinated automatic fashion.
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Power System Automation (CONTD)

Data acquisition refers to; Collecting data in the form of measured analog current or voltage values, The open or closed status of contact points. Control refers to sending command messages to a device to operate the I&C (A collection of devices that monitor, control and protect the system is referred as instrumentation and control (I&C) system)and power system devices
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INSTRUMENTATION SUB SYSTEM:

Measurement and feeding of various parameters such as : Voltage, Current, power, circuit breaker status, and alarms needs a supporting sub system. The parameters are fed into the substation telemetry equipment called RTU ( Remote telemetry unit or remote terminal unit). Analogs: Bus voltage: source : bus potential transformer. and currents in all feeders and transformers: source current transformers.

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INSTRUMENTATION SUB SYSTEM (CONTD)

Power in MW, KVAR, Power factor from LV breaker. Analogue measurements carried out by Industrial standard transducers with an output of 4 20mA and 1 to 5v D.C.

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STATUS INPUTS:

Breaker ON / OFF status. Alarms for oil, bucholz, oil and winding temperature. OLTC positions for transformers. Capacitor banks. All status inputs calls for voltage free contact terminals.

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SCAN RATE

Central control room monitors a series of mixture of analog and status inputs the frequency of which is decided by the priorities and fleeting events. Scanning rate depends on nature of substation parameters. Voltage rating and type of substation. Non fleeting status and analog would require a scanning rate 0f 2 to 3 minutes. Fleeting and high priority inputs require a scanning rate of 5 to 10 secs and is decided based on the following factors.
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SCAN RATE CONTD

Importance of the substation to the grid. Voltage rating : Higher the voltage rating, the more the importance, Cost factor, which decides the type of communication and the choice of the scan rate. Ex: High Speed TDMA link between central control center and the substation and its exclusivity.

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Applications of SCADA System

Automatic Switching
Emergency Load shedding Re-routing services for station maintenance Automatic transfer schemes Load sectionalizing Custom, automatic reclosing schemes Automatic service restoration Circuit breaker control and interlocking Feeder automation and fault recovery
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Applications of SCADA System

Protection and Control Circuit breaker lockout Protective relay interface/interaction Dynamic protective relay setting for dynamic station topology Voltage Regulation Management Load Tap Changer (LTC) control Voltage regulator control Capacitor control
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Applications of SCADA System

Transformer Management Parameter monitoring and alarming Real-time modeling Interface to existing transformer monitors Automatic System Diagnostics Power apparatus health monitoring PLC and communications self monitoring Report and alarm on IED self diagnostics
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Applications of SCADA System

Maintenance and Safety Kirk Key interlock management

Maintenance Lock-out/Tag-out management Automatic circuit isolation control

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Applications of SCADA System

Station MMIs Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Interface real-time single-line displays Interactive real-time breaker and switch control display On-line operation and maintenance logs Sequence of events recording IED detail displays Parameter trending displays
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Advantages of SCADA system in power sector

Increased reliability, lower costs. Forecasting accurate demand supply management Faster restoration of power in case of a break down Better active and reactive power management Reduced maintenance cost, conditioning monitoring Reduce human influence and errors Assists operator for faster decision making Automated meter reading Easy fault diagnosis
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Additional advantages of SCADA system in power sector

Availability of information Analysis of information Decision making Optimized system operation (competitive environment) Equipment condition monitoring (ECM) Equipment parameters are automatically tracked to detect abnormalities. Timely action, Extended life ECM IEDs available Sequence Of Events (SOE) recording
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SCADA System

A SCADA system generally consists of a master station and a number of geographically dispersed Remote Terminal Units (RTUs), all interconnected to master station via a variety of communication channels.

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Supervisory Remote Terminal Units

RTU is the eyes, ears and hands of the Master Station. In most applications the RTU is the slave of the Master Station, but in some applications the RTU is equipped with internal computational and/or optimizing capabilities.

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Remote Terminal Units

AVAILABILITY: The availability of the RTU shall be 0.999 over the 12 month period of maintenance exclusive of communication channel and other purchaser caused down time. Availability = MTBF / ( MTBF + MTTR)

MTBF = Mean Time between failure MTTR = Mean Time to repair

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REMOTE TERMINAL UNITS (RTU)

RTU consists of:

The protocol processor module Communication module Data processing Module I/O modules for analog inputs Digital input and output RTU signals from transducers, relays, breaker auxiliary switches, and TVMs. Data transmitted to DCC through communication media (TDMA and MAR)

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REMOTE TERMINAL UNITS (RTU)

Functions of RTU include

Input scanning Alarm, And change of state detection.

With high degree of reliability, security and integrity.

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Transmission and coding system of RTU. The I/O channels are defined based on the need of each substation, and the RTU is configured accordingly.
These modules interface through memory mapping to the micro processor. The RTU scans analogue and digital data non stop, and stores the analogue information after converting it in its memory. The RTUs at each substation are accessed and addressed independently. The electrical and communication format to the mail port is usually RS 232.
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SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS

Typical diagnostics and indications provided in the RTU are :

Power LED:
Indicates power applied to the base board when switched on.

RUN LED:
Indicates healthy operating system.

LPAT LED:
Indicates too low voltage on the input side.

Watch Dog time out LED. Status LED:

Gives a binary coded output if the system fails a soft ware confidence test.

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SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS (contd)

Diagnostic capability at the I/O module level. Hardware read back at telecom and output circuit for verification of data at the field connection point.

Verification of memory and certain peripheral chips in operating system.

Communication diagnostics to indicate activity on the receiver and transmitter lines for both main and local ports.
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Communication Subsystem

The communication subsystem is the interface between the communication network and the RTU internal logic.

This subsystem receives the messages from the master, interprets the message, initiates action within the RTU, and sends an appropriate response to the master.
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Communication Subsystem (contd)

PRIMARY COMMUNICATION
64 kbps TDM/TDMA (time division multiple access operating in 2.3/2.5 GHZ band and the out stations extend to EHV stations. SECONDARY COMMUNICATION:

Is 9.6 KBPS MAR (multiple access Radio) system operating in 849/943 MHZ band. Mar remotes are located in all 33/11 kv substations.
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Logic Subsystem

The logic subsystem consists of the main microprocessor and the database. It handles all major processing, time keeping, and control sensing. It also handles analog-to digital conversions and computation /optimization, if required.

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Termination Subsystem

The termination subsystem provides the interface between the RTU logic and external equipment such as the communications lines, primary power source and the substation devices. These assemblies must be designed to protect the RTU logic from the harsh environment of the station.

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Power Supply Subsystem

The power supply, like the termination subsystem, must meet the various voltage surge standards. The power supply convenes primary power, usually from the substation battery, to the supply requirements of the other RTUs subsystem. If a station battery is not available, the unit is normally ordered for ac operation with builtin battery back-up to cover several hours of operation. Care should be exercised in selecting an ac supply circuit to assure a reliable and stable, noise-fee source.
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Communication

In addition, occurrences of noise on the communication channel seeks reinforcements in the form of additional master station and RTU hardware and software design to ensure distortion free signal transfer. Communication channels limit the speed at which data acquisition and control can be performed, thus affecting the master station man-machine interface and applications software design.
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Communication channels

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SCADA System Configurations

The configurations of communication systems are dictated by the following: Number of RTUs Number of points at RTUs and required update rates Location of RTUs Communication facilities available Communication equipment and techniques available
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SCADA System Configurations

Block diagram for a one-on-one SCADA system configuration, with a master unit for each remote unit

R1

R2

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SCADA System Configurations

Block diagram for a star or hub SCADA system configuration, with one master unit for several remotes, but with only one remote on each communication channel.

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SCADA System Configurations

Block diagram for a party-line SCADA system configuration, with several remote units on a single communication channel.

R1

R2

R3

R4

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SCADA System Configurations

Block diagram for a SCADA system configuration, combining the characteristics of the star and partline configurations, with one master and several remotes on each of various communication channels

R5 R1 R2 M R6

R3
R4

R7

R8
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SUBSTATION SYSTEM

Consists of two marshalling boxes accommodating: One, Interfaces the substation equipments with the RTU. Accommodates transducers, TVMs, contactors etc., The other panel holds all other radio and communication accessories along with RTU.

The interfacing work at the substation includes:

Erection of SCADA marshalling panel, either designed and custom made, or fabricated. Fixing of components and accessories, Wiring and dressing of the wires to be connected to the components.

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Transducer
Input 5 A/1A Output 4-20 mA

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Digital data (on/off) may have alarms attached to one state or the other.

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Pulse data (e.g counting revolutions of a meter) is normally accumulated or counted.

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SUBSTATION SYSTEM (CONTD)

Laying of 4 core and 10 core cables from the field/ control room to the panel including formation of cable duct where ever required. Termination of the leads at appropriate points including crimping of lugs and provision of ferrules. Providing of Earth connection to the marshalling box from the equi-potential bar.

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SUBSTATION SYSTEM (CONTD)

Ensuring vermin proof cable entry points in the marshalling box with the provision of suitable cable glands. The components that are housed in the SCADA marshalling box are: AC current transducer to every feeder to measure Y phase current. Secure make electronic trivector meter for measurement of TVM parameters at power transformer LV breakers. Voltage transducers to measure HV and LV voltages.
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SUBSTATION SYSTEM (CONTD)

Position transducers to indicate the tap position. DC voltage transducers to measure D .C. voltage. 48V DC contactors to initiate close and trip pulse to the breaker. 48V contactors to raise and lower taps on the OLTC. 220/24 V contactors for annunciating bucholz and temperature alarms for each transformer.
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CABLES

Signal cables shall be of a type and installed in a manner so to reduce common-mode and induced noise to a minimum. Metallic shields shall be employed on all cables. All grounding of shields and signal circuits shall be at one point only to prevent ground loops, except where double shielded cable is used, in which case the outer shield may be grounded at both ends.
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CABLES

All terminals and terminal blocks shall be clearly identified. All connectors, cable harnesses and inter rack wiring shall be clearly identified so that no ambiguity can occur. Connector pin numbering shall be identical at each and of the cable.

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48V DC battery with Float cum boost charger

Supplies DC voltage to RTU and the contactors which activates the operation of OLTC and breaker operations.

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Thank you all for a patient listening!

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