Unit 3

The Elements Of Computer Science

Hardware Software Data People: Users, operators, programmers.

What is a computer?
It is a device used to collect, process and trasmit information. It is has Hardware and Software.

Main characteristics of the computer Responde de manera precisa a un conjunto especfico de instrucciones. It can run a list of instructions which are prePuede ejecutar una lista de instrucciones pre-grabadas. Cmo representa todos sus datos un ordenador?
Mediante el sistema de numeracin binario, es decir, usando los dgitos 0 y 1. Lo nico que transmite, recibe, almacena y procesa un ordenador son ceros y unos.

Definition of Hardware
Physical components of the computer that are used for input of data, processing information and output of data In other words, hardware is all you can touch and.

but you shouldnt do it !!

Definition of Software
Programs we use to manage the data. They are not physical devices that can be seen.

Communication among Hardware and Software All data we introduce in our computer must be encoded in binary system to be understood by the computer.

But.whats the binary system?

Definition of Software
Programs we use to manage the data. They are not physical devices that can be seen.

Communication among Hardware and Software All data we introduce in our computer must be encoded in binary system to be understood by the computer.

But.whats the binary system?

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

The computers are made of electric circuits which work in two states

off (we will call this state 0)

on (we will call this state 1)

So we need a numeral system with two digits:

Binary Sistem

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

The binary number system uses 2 digits to encode a number:
0 = represents no value (circuit off)
1 = represents a unit value (circuit on)

That means that you can only use the digits 0 and 1 to write a binary number . Each digit is called bit. 0
1

Example: some binary numbers

11 1010 and so on.

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

Binary to Decimal Conversion
The value that is encoded (represented) by a binary number is computed as follows: Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the weight of the bit The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right Add the results Binary number
dn-1 dn-2 ... d1 d0

Value encoded by the binary number

dn-12n-1 + dn-22n-2 + ... + d121 + d020

BINARY NUMERAL SYSTEM

Binary to Decimal Conversion
Example 1:

Example 2:

Activity: convert to Decimal these Binary numbers:

BINARY NUMERAL SYSTEM

Decimal to Binary Conversion - Divide by two, keep track of the remainder

- First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)

- Second remainder is bit 1 - So on

- The last cocient is the last bit (MSB, mostsignificant bit)

BINARY NUMERAL SYSTEM

Decimal to Binary Conversion
Example 1:

BINARY NUMERAL SYSTEM

Decimal to Binary Conversion
Example 2:

Activity: convert these decimal numbers to Binary 2210 and 4410

ASCII CODE
We give a numeric code to each of the characters computers use, so that we can store them. These codes are expressed in binary numeral system, so they consist of 0 and 1. The most common code is called ASCII, and it uses 7 bits to store the different characters.

UNITS USED TO STORE INFORMATION

The smallest unit used to store information in a computer is called bit (b)(binary digit) and is represented by a 0 or a 1. We can make groups of 8 bits, called byte (B). The bit and the byte are very small so we need to use bigger units multiples of a byte: To increase the level you have to multiply the units on the left by 1000 and the units on the right by 1024 Example: CD-Rom 640 MB HardDisk 1 TB

CLASIFICATION OF HARDWARE

Microprocessor

Main Memory

Input Peripherals

Output peripherals

Storage Devices

COMPUTER ELEMENTS
All the computer elements are connected to the motherboard

THE MICROPROCESSOR O CPU

(Central Processing Unit) It is a small chip (integrated circuit) made up of millions of tiny transistors working together. It is the computers brain. It is the place where the data is managed.

EL MICROPROCESADOR O CPU
(Central Processing Unit)

Functions of the CPU

It coordinates the components of a computer system
It manages de data.

THE MICROPROCESSOR O CPU

(Central Processing Unit) There are different sort of CPU depending of the producer: INTEL Motorola AMD

IBM and compatible

McIntosh & Sun

Athlon

MAIN MEMORY
They are small chips connected to the motherboard. They store important information for the data management and other computer operations. Kind of Main Memory

1. ROM Memory (Read Only Memory) 2. RAM Memory (Random Access Memory)

MAIN MEMORY
RAM Memory
Random Access. Temporal (Voltil).

The data can be changed.

While the data is processed the information is stored in RAM Memory.

MAIN MEMORY
ROM-BIOS Memory

Read Only Memory.

It can not be deleted.

The data can not be changed. It contains instructions to check the computer when you turn it on. The information stored in this memory has been copied by the manufacturer of the computer. It is also known as firmware.

PERIPHERALS
The peripherals are devices that are outside the compueter and must be connected a port of the mainboard.

There are three kinds of peripheral:

Peripherals input devices: these devices enable us to enter data and instructions into the compueter from outside Keybord and mouse. Peripherals output devices: these devices are used to get information from the computer after the data has been processed. Monitor and printer. Peripherals input/output devices: it allows us to enter data on the computer and to output information. Modem

Peripheral input devices

The mouse
It allows us to perform several actions (selecting , opening and dragging) by moving the cursor and pressing buttons.

Optic mouse

Peripherals output devices

Monintor
It displays images or text. There are two types of monitors:

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) LCD-TFT Liquid Crystal

Peripherals output devices

Monitor How does CRT monitor work?
1. There is a source of electrons at the back of the monitor. 2. It shoots electrons to the screen

3. The screen is covered with a thin layer that brights when the electrons hit the screen.

Peripherals output devices

Printer
It prints informations in different formats: paper, transparencies Main characteristics: Resolution: it measures the quality of the printed information.

Sped: it is meassured in page per minute (ppm)

There are differente types of printer: ink-jet, laser, dyer

Peripherals input/output devices

These make it possible to enter data on the computer and to output the information.

The main one is called MODEM: it enables the communication ober the telephones lines between the computer.

Although there are others: PDA, los smartphones, digital cameras, etc.

STORAGE DEVICES
We can divide this devices in two groups: Primary storage devices: RAM & ROM memories. They are primary ones because the computer does not work without them. Secondary storage devices: those storage devices that allows us storage data. There are 3 groups: 1.- Magnetic storage devices 2.- Optic storage devices 3.- Solid State storage devices

STORAGE DEVICES

Magnetics Flopy disks Hard disks.

Optics CD-ROM DVD Blue ray disc.

MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES

Information is stored through the magnetic arrangement of particles on the device.
Depending on the position of these particles it will mean 0 or 1

MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES

Flopy disks: up to 1.44Mb.

Flopy disk

Flopy disk drive

MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES

Hard drives: they are inside the computer. Up to 1 TB or even more. It is made of several small metal discs covered with a magnetic film.

Hard drive

OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES

All of them are compact disc that are created and readed by laser beams. Creating technique: a laser beam makes holes in the disc, drawing a espiral called pista. In this pista there are holes and flat zones, representing 0 and 1.

OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES

Reading technique: the drive turns the disc and a laser beam hits the disc. If it finds a flat zone it will light is reflected and detected and transformed in a electric signal, it means a binary 1. If the laser beam finds a hole the light will be dispersada and it means a binary 0.

OPCTICAL STORAGE DEVICES

There are differents optical storage devices: CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-Ray Discs: read only. The computer needs a device for reading the disc.

SOLID-STATE STORAGE DEVICES

They are made of microscopic electronic components called transistors. Its microscopic size allows to build compact memories. The main examples are: FLASH MEMORIES.

SOFTWARE
Definition
Software is the set of instructions that start up the computer and process data so that we can use it. It is also known as programs

When a computer is using a program we say it is running it..

Every program must be storaged in RAM memory when the computer is running it.

Software Clasification
System Software It manages the hardware. Example: Operating System Applications

Programs designed to meet needs of users: word processors, tools, etc. Multimedia Software
Programs designed to manage with images, music and video.

Sistema Operativo
Functions of OS
It enables the communication between the user and the computer: user interface (interfaz de usuario)
COMMAND LINE INTERFACES: the users interact with the computer thruogh text messages called commands . Examples: MS-DOS, UNIX GRAPHIC INTERFACES: the users interact with the computer using images. Examples: WINDOWS, , Mac OS, LINUX

Carga en memoria RAM otros programas para su ejecucin. Coordina el trabajo entre el hardware y el resto del software. Administra el almacenamiento de informacin.

The most current OS have a suit of programs, for example, text editor and media player. The set formed by OS and these programs is called distribution. There can be differents distributions for the same OS, such as

Exmples of OS
UNIX / LINUX

DOS
It can control only a task and one user. Command line interface

Multitask, multi-user. Command line interface, although recent versions use a optional graphic interface.

Examples of OS
MacOS
Designed for Motorola CPU Multitask and multiuser Graphic interface

Windows
Designed for AMD and Intel CPU. Multitask and multiuser. Graphic interface.

WINDOWS SO
Its the most popular graphic interface SO by Microsoft. Versions: - First versions in the 80s. - Windows 3.1, - Windows 3.11, net working - Windows 95, Windows 98 - Windows Millennium Edition (ME). - Windows NT - Windows 2000. - Windows XP (eXPerience), available in two distributions: Home and Professional. 2001 - Windows Vista 2007 - Windows 7, 2009. - Windows 8. November 2012. Touchscreen interface.

File System
The data is stored as files. A file is a data set related to one another. Each file is identified by its name and extension (we write them separated by a dot)

filename.extension
The filename can have up to 256 characters, and can be written with any character but / \ * ? : < > The extension only has 3 character and shows the program who has created the file. Each file have associated an icon:

.doc
File created with MS-Word (word processor)

.xls
File created with MS-Excel (Spreadsheet)

.ppt
File created with MS-Power Point (Presentation)

To organise the files windows uses folders (carpetas o directorios).

The folders can have subfolders inside them. The folder organization has a tree diagram structure.

You can create folders in the hard disk, flash memories, CD, DVD, etc.

Basic operations with files and folder.

create delete Change the name copy move

The main screen of Windos is called Desktop (ESCRITORIO).

The tools on the desktop appear on the screen as icons tha can represent programas or appilcations, files or folders. We can open

In the bottom of the desktop is the Taskbar . (BARRA DE TAREAS) is a bar displayed on a full edge of desktop that is used to launch and monitor running applications

Start button and Start menu (MEN INICIO,) appears in the bottom left corner of the taskbar and provides a central launching point for application and tasks.

At the right end of the taskbar is the notification area (REA DE NOTIFICACIN). It shows the time and the icons of the programs that runs when you start the computer.. At the left end of the task bar and at the right of start button is the Quick launc bar ( BARRA DE INICIO RPIDO). It shows the icons of the most used programs.

START BUTTON
Clicking on start button provides a nested list of programs for the
user to launch, as well as a list of most recently opened documents, and an access to special folders like "My Documents" and "Favorites.

Programs: it allows the acces to all computer programs. Documents: la mayora de los programas guardan por defecto en esta carpeta los archivos creados por el usuario Configuration: it allows the acces to Control Panel (PANEL DE CONTROL), which is the main tool to configure the computer software and hardware Search: to look for files, folders, webpages, etc. in a easy way Help and support: click to display the application help
system.

Run: it allows the execution of a program knowing its name. At the bottom of Start menu is the Turn off button, which you can disconnect the computer. The top side of Start menu is reserved for incluiding the most used programs.

THE WINDOWS OF MS WINDOWS

Windows MS OS is based on the use of windows as the basic units of working. Each windows consists of data cointained in squared area of the screen. Together with the information, in the windows, thera are some cursor-sensitive areas that allow the user to interact with the computer.

The windows size can be changed by clicking and dragging the edges of the window. You can move the window on the screen dragging its title bar.

Title bar (barra de ttulo): it is the top bar of the window and it shows the name of the program that you are running.

Menu bar (barra de men): each program has its own menu bara, and through it you can execute all the options of the aplication.

Tool bar (Barra de herramientas): it has the buttons of the most used actions of the program.

Control menu (Men de control): it allows you to change the size of the window.

Buttons (botones): minimize (minimizar), maximize (maximizar) / restore (restaurar) and close (cerrar)

Work area (rea de trabajo): it is the area which is situated int he middle of the window.

Scroll bar (barras de desplazamiento): it allows you to move vertically and horizontally through the hidden parts of the work area.

Status bar (Barra de estado): is shows information about the content of the window and the application status.

WINDOWS XP APPLICATIONS
My Computer (MI PC): it allows to enter in the storage devices and work with the files and folders.

Recylce Bin (PAPELERA DE RECICLAJE): here the computer stores the temporaly deleted folders and files.

Control Panel (PANEL DE CONTROL): llows users to view and manipulate basic system settings and controls as add new hardware and software and so on.

ACCESORIES: it is a folder which contents the followings applications :

Calculator Windows Explorer (Explorador de Windows): it allows you to see the folder structure and modify it. Paint: drawing tool Wordpad: simple word processor.

 Entertainment (entretenimiento): it has multimedia applications System tool (Herramientas del sistema): its a folder that includes applications for the maintenance of the hard disk.

Communications (comunicaciones) : its a folder that has applications related to networking.