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INTRODUCTION
Shear walls are specially designed structural walls included in the buildings to resist horizontal forces that are induced in the plane of the wall due to wind, earthquake and other forces. They are mainly flexural members and usually provided in highrise buildings to avoid the total collapse of the highrise buildings under seismic forces. Shear wall has high in-plane stiffness and strength which can be used to simultaneously resist large horizontal loads and support gravity loads A shear wall may consist of :
A solid wall. A perforated wall A closed loop or a core. Other such form.
Shear walls are oblong in cross-section, i.e., one dimension of the cross-section is much larger than the other. While rectangular cross-section is common, L- and U-shaped sections are also used . Thin-walled hollow RC shafts around the elevator core of buildings also act as shear walls, and should be taken advantage of to resist earthquake forces.
Steel reinforcing bars are to be provided in walls in regularly spaced vertical and horizontal grids The vertical and horizontal reinforcement in the wall can be placed in one or two parallel layers called curtains. Horizontal reinforcement needs to be anchored at the ends of walls. The minimum area of reinforcing steel to be provided is 0.0025 times the crosssectional area, along each of the horizontal and vertical directions. This vertical reinforcement should be distributed uniformly across the wall crosssection.
SUITABLE LOCATIONS : Enclosures around lift wells Staircase walls External walls Some of partition walls can be made to act as shear walls.
A simple building with shear walls at its ends. Ground motion enters the building and creates inertial forces which move the floor diaphragms. This movement is resisted by the shear walls, and the forces are transmitted back down to the foundation.
SHEAR WALLS ACTING WITH FRAMES :A combination for shear walls and frames or columns. ADVANTAGES : Provide flexibility of planning. Feasibility of providing large spans. Ideal for buildings from 15 to 40 storey ht.Most common form for medium height to high rise buildings,15 to 40 storeyes ht. to be constructed in India in near future.
TYPES OF SHEAR WALLS( based on materials) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. RC Shear Wall Plywood Shear Wall Mid ply Shear Wall RC Hollow Concrete Block Masonry Wall Steel Plate Shear Wall
Design of shear walls of structures is generally controlled by flexure and overturning rather than shear, especially for wall of a large (ht./length) ratio. Shear walls, when provided, should be continued upto foundations. These should not be discontinued in the lower storeyed. Shear walls should preferably be well distributed about both axes to provide adequate resistance against Torsion.
Minimum area of shear reinforcement should be 0.25% x gross sectional area of wall.
As horizontal force due to wind or earthquake may act from either direction, shear walls should be provided along both axes to provide resistance along both axes.
Monolithic shear walls are classified as short, squat or cantilever according to their height to depth ratio. Generally shear walls are either plane or flanged in section, while core walls consists of channel sections.
When the buildings are tall,, beam and column sizes workout large and reinforcement at the beam and column junction works out quite heavy, so that, there is a lot of congestion at these joints and it is difficult to place and vibrate concrete at these places, which does not contribute to the safety of buildings. These practical difficulties call for introduction of shear walls in highrise buildings Action to be considered: Shear wall formed around elevator and service risers requires a concentration of opening at ground level where stresses are critical. Torsional and flexural rigidity is affected significantly by the number and the size of opening around the shear walls throughout the height of the building. Shear wall vertical movements will continue throughout the life of the building. Construction time is generally slower than for a steel frame building. The additional weight of the vertical concrete elements as compared to steel will induce a cost penalty for the foundations. An increase in mass will cause a decrease in natural frequency and hence will most likely produce an adverse affect of the acceleration response depending on the frequency range of the building. But shear wall systems are usually stiff and cause a compensating increase in natural frequency.
KEY PLAN
The core has reinforced concrete shear walls that extend out to the perimeter between each cablewrapped tube. This extensive structural support is what allows the tower's height on such a small footprint. The tubes taper as the shear walls between them get thicker at the building's base, and the cables are gathered and attached in groups to the building's foundation. The 1,180-foot Al Sharq tower has a sleek 1:10 aspect ratio (the Sears tower, for example, has a ratio of 1:5), which is achieved by gathering nine 40-foot-diameter tubes (each with a 1:30 aspect ratio) into a cell-like matrix.
The center tube is a concrete core, with reinforced shear walls that are 50 inches thick at the base and taper to 23 inches thick at the upper levels. The shear walls extend slightly from the core to serve as support between each of the eight perimeter tubes
The tower is a 56-story tall building, located in Tehran, which is the most high seismicity zone of Iran The tower has three transverse main walls with the angle of 120 and multiple sidewalls perpendicular to each of them .It seems that this kind of architectural configuration is due to aesthetic considerations. Main walls are RC shear walls with regular staggered openings. Sidewalls are also RC shear walls, connected to the main walls with coupling beams. Some of sidewalls contain continuous column of openings and the rest are solid.
Structural system
Spire
Communication (L160)
Office (L153)
Observatory (L123)
Above 160 floors Above 800m Hotel, Residence, Office Gross area podium : 186,000 sq. M
Hotel (L39)
Residence (L108)
Total concrete quantity tower : 145,000 cubic M Total concrete quantity podium : 115,000 cubic M Overall concrete quantity : 260,000 cubic M Overall rebar quantity : 34,000 tons
Structural Overview
Y-shaped floor plan is ideal for residential program Maximizes window perimeter to floor plate area Is inherently stable
Buttressed core Three wings arranged around central core Each wing supports other two Setbacks occur at each wing in a spiraling pattern Reduces vortex shedding by changing building shape 24 times
The structure of Burj Khalifa was designed to behave like a giant column with cross sectional shape that is a reflection of the building massing and profile
Location
Elevation (m)
Drift (mm)
Top Communications
+375.3 540
Structural Overview
BW
B11
C11
BV
BU
Concrete Placement
B10 C10
85 00
85
00
850 0
85 00
85
00
B9
C9
850 0
85
00
85
00
B8
C8
85
00
B7 C7
85 85
00
850 0
00
B6 C6
85 85
00
BT
00
85
00
BS
BR
BQ
Height
BP
850 0
850 0
850 0
Remarks Target Height (RC Structure) Secondary Pump on L124 (East wing 442m) From Ground Level
Pumping Area (Ground Level) Pipe Lines
531 m
BM
BN
L146 ~ L160M
L160M ~ Spire1
624 m
BK
850 0
850 0
850 0
850 0
BL
Re-pumping
Hopper by T/C
681.7 m
BH
BJ
BG
Concrete Pump
BE
BF
Pressure
BD
Output
850 0
850 0
850 0
900 0
900 0
900 0
BC
850 0
850 0
CPB#4
850 0
850 0
CPB#1
CPB#3
. Pipe Lines
CPB#2
- 32m boom for Center Core - 3nos. of 28m boom for Wing Core
Construction Photographs