Educational Technology

Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching

Chapter Objectives
Definitions of educational technology Identifying the component parts of a computer system Functions of a given systems device Classifying computer software Describing the contributions of educational technologists Classifying educational technology products

Technology in Education: Concepts and Definitions Educational Technology has no agreed upon definition.

Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instrument, machines, and devices.most (educators) will defer to technology as computers
-- Muffoletto(1994)-p.5 Integrating Education Technology into Teaching (IETIT)

about a decade ago, a history of technology in education since 1920 placed the emphasis on radio and television, with computers as an afterthought .
--Cuban, 1986 (IETIT) p.5

Only

However, Saettler (1990) urges

The historical function of educational technology is a process rather than a product.

Any useful definition of educational technology, therefore, must focus on the process of applying tools for educational purposes, and the materials used.

In education, the combination of process and product merges instructional procedures with instructional tools.

Technology in Education as Media and Audiovisual Communications

Audiovisual movement: ways of delivering information that could be used as alternatives to lectures and books. Audiovisual communications: the branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process. (Saettler, IETIE,p6) AECT- Association for Ed. Commo. and Technology.

Technology in Education as Instructional Systems

1960s and 1970s Human and non-human resources ( teachers and media). Systematic approach to designing, developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs. International Society for Performance Improvement. Validating and creating instruction.

Technology in Education as Vocational Training Tools

Technology in Education: 1. School learning prepares students for the world of work. 2. Vocational training can be a practical means of teaching. ITEA (International Technology Education Association).

Technology in Education as Computers and Computer-based Systems

Instructional and supportive applications of computers. Computers began to be used in classrooms in 1960s until 1990 and was known as educational computing. By the mid-1990s, educational computing became known as educational technology. ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education) holds the following views:

Approaches to Technology in Education

An emphasis on Computer Systems

Computers as media are becoming more complex and more capable. Computer systems are subsuming other forms of media. The perceived complexity of computer-based systems has made it more difficult for educators to effectively integrate software and computer media into classrooms.

Background on Computer-based Educational Technology

Whats a Computer??
Hardware

Providing the Electronic Capability

Software

Communicating with the Hardware Any electromechanical device that accepts input, processes input and produces output.

Software in a Computer System

Systems

Software ( Types of Operating Systems) Applications Software (used for Education, Entertainment, or Edutainment)

Systems Software (Types of Operating Systems)

Unix Ms-DOS Apple Dos, ProDOS Macintosh DOS, System 7 Windows 95

Applications Software for Education

Tool

Software:

1. Word Processing 2. Spreadsheets 3. Database Management 4. Integrated Packages 5. Graphics Software 6. Communications Software 7. Other Tools

Applications Software for Education( cont.)

Programming

Software:

1. BASIC 2. Logo 3. FORTRAN 4. COBOL, SNOBOL 5. C 6. Pascal 7. PL/1

Applications Software for Education( cont.)

Courseware:

1. Tutorial 2. Drill & Practice 3. Simulation 4. Instructional Games 5. Problem Solving

Hardware: Providing the

Electronic Capability
1. Input functions:
Keyboard Mouse Joystick and game paddle Bar-code reader Scanner Touch screen and light pen

Hardware: Providing the

Electronic Capability (cont.)
2. Output Functions
Printers Monitors

3. Input and Output Functions

Disk drives

Step 1. The controller gets an instruction from the systems internal memory and puts it in a register. Step 2. The controller directs the ALU to do necessary computations. Step 3. The controller gets the result from the register and stores it once again in internal memory.

The CPUs Steps

CPU Central Processing Unit

ALU : stands for Arithmetic/Logic Unit Control Unit: directs the activities of the whole system.

The Internal and External Memory and Communication Functions

The internal memory functions: A limited amount of space is arranged inside the computer for storage of instructions. For example: RAM and ROM. The external memory functions: External storage devices can store larger quantities of information. For Example: Hard Disks and CD-ROM.

The Internal and External Memory and Communications Functions

The communications function is optional, but it is vital for communicating with other systems. For example: Modem and Fax.

Software: Communicating with the

Hardware
Programming Languages:
Low-Level languages (Machine and Assembly). High-Level languages (Java, Cobol, VC++ and Fortran ).

Types of Software
Systems

Software

Acts as a visible interface between the machine and the user.

Applications

Software

Programs written to do tasks, such as word processing or drawing pictures.

Software Design
Step 1. Analyzing the problem Step 2. Developing the algorithm Step 3. Coding Step 4. Testing Step 5. Revising and Debugging

Types of Computer Systems

Personal

Computers Mini and Mainframe Computers Supercomputers

Cost , the number of users that can be
supported, size, speed, and storage capacity distinguish between these.

The Developments During the Period before Microcomputer

IBM 1500 system in universities and Stanford University and the CCC Control Data Corporation (CDC) and the PLATO System Brigham Young University and the TICCIT System Computerized instructional management systems

The Microcomputer Revolution in Education

The Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC) and the software publishing movement.

MicroSIFT, EPIE, and other courseware evaluation efforts. Courseware authoring activities.

The Microcomputer Revolution in Education (cont.)

The Computer Literacy Movement Logo and Problem-Solving The emergence of integrated learning systems.

What Have We learned from the Past ?

Direct

technology resources to specific problems and needs Anticipate and plan for change Separate fad from fact

Current Types of Educational Technology Systems

Standalone Personal Computers

Portable

units (PDAs) Workstations Labs

Networked Stations: From LANs

to MANs
Networks are for sharing(Kee 1994), and this sharing was designed to make computing activities more efficient and cost-effective. A network centralizes resources and cuts down on handling of individual disks.

Types of LANs
Physical

design

Types of LANs (Cont.)

Physical

design

Types of LANs (Cont.)

Physical

design

Types of LANs (Cont.)

Function (transmission method or

protocol) * Token ring method * Ethernet method

Three kinds of cable for connecting LANs

Coaxial
Twisted

cable: Designed to transfer

pair cable: An inexpensive

signals with minimal interference.

way of handling ARCnet, Ethernet, and token ring connections.

Fiber

optic cable:Allow networks

to send large amounts of information at high speeds.

Current Applications of Educational Technology Systems

Instructional Technology Applications:

--Instructional software --Interactive video-based materials --Courses through distance learning Productivity Tools: --Prepare print instructional materials --Keep records and analyze data --Prepare and make instructional and informative presentations --Organize time and materials

 Tools for Students:

-- Writing assignments -- Helping with research -- Assisting with learning tasks in various content areas -- Developing products and presentations.

-- The End --